Characteristics of Experimental Research

Characteristics of Experimental Research 1) Hatties (2003) participants were classified as experienced or expert according to the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards certification process. This process is based on the best available evidence of what constitutes high standards of teaching and learning and has been rigorously researched and evaluated. On the boards website it says All of the research contributes to understanding and improving the National Board Certification process. Yet, it is misleading to draw major conclusions about the overall value and impact of National Board Certification based solely on individual studies. No single study or small group of studies can effectively describe the range of impact of the National Board Certification process. (see http://www.nbpts.org/resources/research/impact_of_certification#impact) They stop short of saying that the research proves that accreditation improves the quality of teaching and learning and this is in accord to with what Johnson and Christensen (2008) say you [should] eliminate the word prove from your vocabulary when you are talking about research? p22 What does Johnson and Christensen (2008) mean and why are the NBPST so modest about their claims? On the contrary to the misunderstandings by many that a hypothesis can be tested and proven to be true through research, Johnson and Christensen (2008) asserts that research is not a tool based on which a phenomena can be proved to be true. It is a systematic process which acquires data of a relevant topic or an issue, analyses the data, interprets and reports information. Research helps to understand a particular assumption or a claim to be reasonable, unreasonable or assist to understand the reality. Johnson and Christensen (2008) chapters one, two and three helps to understand that there are two approaches to research: qualitative and quantitative research, which have led to different methods of inquiry in order to understand what is to be true or what constitute reality. Hatties (2003) research indicates the importance of educational research in understanding the important factors contributing to teaching and learning. However, as each educational setting differs from another, ed ucators need to be able to read and to interpret research findings to their own contexts to be able to have better implications. According to Johnson and Christensen (2008), and McMillan (2004), educators also need to be able to question the quality of the research and take into consideration the credibility of the research and the usefulness of the outcomes in making informed decisions about teaching and learning in their own contexts. Johnson and Christensen (2008) suggest that better judgment cannot be based on a single or small sample research studies but multiple studies using mixed methods research methods. Generalizing the research outcomes in to the educational settings needs to be based on the quality and the nature of study taken place, participants and the research methods used and comparing other studies to see if there are any correlating conclusion on previous studies 2) What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research? Active manipulation of an independent variable is the key defining characteristic of an experimental research. The characteristic of experimental research is where the researcher objectively observes a phenomena which is made to occur in a strictly controlled situation where one or more variables are systematically changed by manipulation. Active manipulation is not involved in any other types of research. Because of this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦experimental research provides the strongest evidence of all the research methods about the existence of cause and effect relationships (Johnson, Christensen 2008,p.41) 3) A researcher discovered that students who studied mathematics at University scored higher on a test of problem solving ability at the end of their degree than students who did not. The researcher argued that the study of mathematics should be encouraged because it improves a students ability to solve problems What type of design is this? Do you agree with the researchers conclusion? Give reasons. What type of design is this? Quantitative, causal-comparative research design. Do you agree with the researchers conclusion? Give reasons. Do not agree with the research conclusion. Johnson Christensen suggesrts that a well design experimental research is virtually always better for determining cause and effect than causal-comparative research or any other type of non experimental research(p.43). Due to the fact that non experimental research does not allow for manipulation of independent variables and weaker techniques of controlling extraneous variables, cause and effect relationships are unable to be substantiated. Cause and effect is better explained in experimental research than in causal-comparative research (pp.43, 48). According to Johnson Christensen (2008.pp.43-48), and McMillan (2004. P194), there are times that causal-comparative research necessary to be conducted. The purpose of this research intended to be to investigate causal relationships when an experiment is not possible. However, the research needs to have prior research evidence to substantiate or validate claims made by the research been conducted. Causal comparative research needs to demonstrate that all extraneous variables are being recognized and considered for an impartial conclusion. Due to the fact that the existing groups are used in the comparison, attention needs to be given to the possible differences in characteristics and other factors which might influence the research outcome. Causal comparative research often fails to demonstrate the influences of extraneous variables on the research participants. 4) Contrast the main characteristics of phenomenological and ethnographic approaches to research. Give an illustration of how each approach could be applied to questions that are relevant to your workplace Phenomenological and ethnographical research approaches are two of five Qualitative research methods and all of which share some common characteristics. Phenomenology understands the essence of experience. Phenomenological study focuses on how research participants experience certain phenomena. The researchers describe and interpret the experience of the participants in order to understand their own perspectives of the phenomenon. As Merleau-Ponty (1962) states, We can only really understand phenomenology by doing it there is a difference between comprehending phenomenology intellectually and understanding it from the inside (van Manen 1984). (Observation: a complex research method.(Ethnological methods). http://find.galegroup.com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/ Ethnographic research however, is not about individual perception or experience, its about a group perceptions, people or a cultural belonging or social norms. Ethnographic study intends to provide in-depth descriptions and identification of cultural norms or values such as attitudes, practices and norms among a group of people. The researchers include a holistic account in describing how a someone become a part of a group: how they interact and how they identify themselves as a group. Ethnography at the work place would identify how the team operates within the work environment; the identity of the team; common practices which would identify the characteristic of the team. Ethnography enables people to adapt or adopt to be part of the work environment; to belong to the team. Phenomenology would identify how individuals operate and perceives situations, concepts and issues. It helps to analyse personal experiences of different individuals. E.g. how one person experience or understands an issue or a concept might be different to another person. Therefore the experience and the interpretations are different. 5) In his paper, Hattie (2003) draws upon a number of lines of evidence to show that it is what teachers do that makes a difference to student outcomes, and he then reports on a study which attempts to show what expert teachers do. Firstly, he alludes to studies that employ Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques which demonstrate that what teachers do has an important impact on student learning (see page 1). Next, he describes the results of a series of Meta Analyses which show that different the sorts of activities which teachers do have different effects on student learning (see page 3). Then, he reports on the results of a literature review which identifies the characteristics of expert teachers (see page 5). Finally, he describes a study (see page 10) which demonstrates that these characteristics can in fact differentiate between expert and merely experienced teachers. In other words he has shown that these are meaningful characteristics and are therefore things that teachers should aspire to as they are markers of high standards of teaching and learning. The following table shows the forms of data which Hattie (2003) used in his study to assess the 15 dimensions they used to distinguish expert from experienced teachers. Name the research paradigm he used in this study and describe its advantages. Which specific type of design did he employ (please give reasons for your choice?) The Research paradigm Hattie (2003) uses is the Mixed methods research Design, a combination of Qualitative and Quantitative research methods. In his study, Hattie identifies meaningful characteristics and proposes a paradigm, a view that teachers should aspire to become expert teachers as opposed to becoming experienced in order to promote better outcomes for teaching and learning. He distinguishes the expert and the experienced teacher, and the influence they have on childrens learning outcomes. He arrived at these conclusions by using Mixed method research model in order to demonstrate credibility of his study and the research outcome. The research framework used by a researcher is important as it guides the research and it affects the research outcomes. The quality of a research depends on the methods of data collection, and the quality is influenced and enhanced by multiple methods of data collection. If only one method of research is used, the research findings might be influen ced by the limitations of the techniques used and therefore considered as a weaker study and the limitations needs to be explained. Multiple methods allow for credibility and strengthens the research outcome therefore allows for a strong proposition of the study being conducted. Johnson and Christensen 2004, (p.51) suggest using multiple perspectives and research methods in a single study strengthens the purpose of the study and provides clarity and credibility compared to a study used a single research methodology. Although different research methods have its own strengths and weaknesses, the researchers ability to use the mixed method design successfully prevents the research outcomes showing overlapping weaknesses. The fundamental process of mixed method research suggests it is wise to collect multiple sets of data using different research methods and approaches in such a way that the resulting mixture or combination has complementary strength and non overlapping weaknesses (p.51 ). As Johnson and Christensen suggest that an experimental research is able to better demonstrate causality but limited in realism due to the experimental setting that the research is being conducted. Realism is well demonstrated in ethnographic studies where the researcher is able to observe participants in their natural settings but limited in demonstrating causality compared to the experimental methodologies. As Hatties study consist of a variety of methods, it suggest a strong validity for his findings and therefore able to use it as an argument proposing that teacher needs to aspire to become experts in promoting better learning outcomes for children. 6) Identify the research topic(s), research problem(s), research purpose(s) and research question(s) in Brighton and Hertbergs (2004). Brighton, C., M. Hertberg, H., L. (2004). Reconstructing the vision: Teachers responses to the invitation to change. Research in Middle Level Education Online, 27(2), 1-20. Identify the research topic(s), Teacher Attitudes;  Teacher Response;  Educational Change;  Classroom Techniques;  Instructional Innovation;  Attitude Change;  Teaching Models variety of factors, including teachers pre-existing beliefs about teaching and learning, and teachers willingness and capacity for reflection greatly influence their responses to differentiation in heterogeneous, middle school classrooms. Research problem(s), Many teachers in these settings downplay the differences among the students and teach to the middle, not catering for childrens individual needs Not catering for increasingly diverse student population heterogeneously grouped classrooms are consistent with middle school philosophy as well as recommendations from leading middle school advocacy groups, Educational philosophy Research purpose(s) Address the variation in student academic readiness, interests, and learning profiles. . Research question(s) 1. What are teachers responses to the invitation to change their beliefs and practices to better address students academic diversity? 2. What patterns of teachers responses to this invitation emerge? 7) The Director of a local Preschool wants to know whether children should begin the day with a flag raising ceremony and the singing of the National Anthem. Is this a researchable question as stated? Why or why not? If not, how might you modify it to become one? Is this a researchable question as stated? No Why or why not? It is unethical Best practice of educational research is to avoid questions which are sensitive to moral and ethical principles and practices, and should not be subjected to empirical research for solutions. Flag and the National Anthem inform nationhood and identity of a country and a group of people. Therefore, suggesting whether the flag should be raised is unethical and unethical questions are inappropriate to be researched. Christenson and Johnson states these ideas typically involves making judgments of aesthetics, morality and religions(p.64).what is morally right, and proper and improper differs from one culture to another culture. The directors intention to raise the flag and to sing the national Anthem has potential to foster a sense of cultural identity within the preschool community. One could question which flag will be raised? What is the dynamic of the preschool setting? What is the contributing factor to initiate such a practice? Is the whole community represented with one flag? Is the flag representative of all cultures or a particular group? Is it going to foster unity or divide? What is the purpose of this suggestion? Individual beliefs and practices are influenced by the cultural practices and the society that people are part of and these beliefs and values are instilled from an early age. People are therefore sense and feel differently about issues and practices. Raising the flag and singing the National Anthem is culturally specific and the need to initiate such a ceremony needs to be clearly explained. Searching for ethics provided a valuable article which is worth mentioning, perhaps not directly relevant to the question being asked, yet provides an insight about humanity. Recent Russian history should have put to rest the view that everything is learned and man is infinitely malleable. After 75 years of cruel tyranny during which every effort was made to destroy civil society to create the New Soviet Man, we learn that people kept civil society alive, if not well. The elemental building blocks of that society were not isolated individuals easily trained to embrace any doctrine or adopt any habits; they were families, friends, and intimate groupings in which sentiments of sympathy, reciprocity, and fairness survived and struggled to shape behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..Mankinds moral sense is not a strong beacon light, radiating outward to illuminate in sharp outline all that it touches. It is, rather, a small candle flame, casting vague and multiple shadows, flickering and sputtering i n the strong winds of power and passion, greed and ideology. But brought close to the heart and cupped in ones hands, it dispels the darkness and warms the soul. The moral sense: presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1992. American Political Science Review  87.n1  (March 1993):  pp1(11). http://find.galegroup.com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/ If not, how might you modify it to become one? Children growing up knowing and singing the National Anthem and being part of flag raising ceremonies can be positive experiences.. One way the question can be modified to reflect the preschool program is to focus on the routine by explaining the reason for such a proposition and to explain how this will be carried out. Question: Dear parents and families, Would you like to give permission for your child to participate in a morning routine where the children will have the opportunity to raise the flag and to sing the National Anthem? Through this experience the children will have the opportunity to become familiar with the National Anthem and will have the opportunity participate in the practical experience of raising the flag. Children will do this by being part of small groups and will have turns in raising the flag on different days. Please circle yes or no or feel free to write any comments as your inputs are valuable to our program. Yes No Other comments:______________________________________ 8) How do quantitative and qualitative research questions differ in structure? In quantitative research, the questions are clearly and consciously articulated to communicate what will be studied. An important aspect of the question formulation is to convey the information about the variables which will be investigated. Knowing or understanding the variable is an important element in quantitative studies. An example of a quantitative question would be Do children from low socio economic families, who attend preschool programs five days a week develop fluent writing skills compared to who do not? In the quantitative studies, the question will specify or name the variables and often may explain how they may be related in single statements. Qualitative studies, like quantitative research involves looking at a general problem. However structuring of specific statements and questions differ greatly. Purpose and the logic of questions differ compared to quantitative questions. Qualitative questions are more open ended, general, and does not involves variables. As an example, What can preschool teachers do to enhance childrens literacy learning? In general, qualitative questions are more open ended and quantitative questions are close ended. (Johnson Christensen, McMillan 2004) 9) An investigator wishes to identify the factors that predict persistence in problem solving tasks. In an application to the Ethics committee he describes a study in which observations are made of preschool children who are given 5 minutes to solve a puzzle. However, in reality the puzzle has no solution. What are the major ethical issues raised by this study and what procedures should the experimenter employ to comply with ethical standards? Child development and early child hood education and care literatures inform that childrens ability to complete tasks or to engage in problem solving experiences are guided by their environments, the adults around them, their moods, interests and many other factors of the times. A childs ability to persist cannot be measured by a 5 minutes observation with manipulating a puzzle. Childrens skills and abilities vary according to their developmental stages and the opportunities they have with learning experiences. Each child is unique in his or her developmental status. Perhaps the research could have focused on childrens ability to concentrate in tasks by providing a number of activities for children to choose from and by observing their attention with the chosen activity. Johnson and Christensen states many of the tests that are used with preschool children are referred to as screening tests rather than intelligence tests or academic achievement tests primarily because the predictive validity of many of the preschool tests is weak (p160). Therefore, an achievement test of puzzle and problem solving is not appropriate for a preschool age group. Procedures that the experimenter needs to employ to comply with ethical standards: The researcher needs to have informed consent from the participants, and in this case from parents or guardians, and given the purpose of the study, procedures, risks, benefits, alternative procedures and limits of confidentiality. 10) The purpose of this question is to start you thinking more deeply about an area of practice that interests and to introduce you and your interests to the group. This will enable individuals with similar interests to find one other and begin working cooperatively designing studies in subsequent modules qualitative (Module 3), non-experimental quantitative (Module 4) and experimental studies (Module 5). Please note that you are not bound by what you write here, you can change your area of interest at any time during the unit. Briefly describe please give a brief, informative and relevant title to your area of interest School readiness or transition to school programs in early childhood education an area of practice that you would like to research parents expectations of children being ready for school in early childhood settings, concepts and beliefs around the topic, Education Departments suggestions of preferred skills and knowledge as the children start school some problems that are relevant to the ongoing debate in the area some parents expect that their children to be able to write their names and know the alphabet before commencing school early childhood education in the longs day care settings and the teaching methods employed in the preschool settings parents assumptions of learning occurs at preschool and care is provided at the early child hood settings 11) Compile a literature review: On-line database searching skills Before you begin this question you should read the Finding resources module and follow the links to the Librarys support documents. Of particular interest are Library research methods: Educational Studies and, depending on your area of interest, either Researching a topic: Early Childhood Education or Researching a topic: Education Conduct four searches using Macquarie Librarys information sources (ie catalogue or on-line databases recommended for Education or Early Childhood Education) for information about your area of research interest and summarise your experience in the table below (NB this is adapted from the Research Log contained in Library research methods: Educational Studies). Briefly comment on any difficulties you faced and any strategies you might use to improve the results of subsequent searches. Search # Source Catalogue eg: MU Library Catalogue Database eg: ERIC Search Type Basic or Advanced Keyword Subject Author Search Strategy Search terms Operators (and, or) Limits Truncation Total # of hits Related terms i.e.: Descriptors Subject headings Preferred terms 1 Eric database CSA illumina Basic Key word search 16738 School readiness 2 Eric database CSA illumina Advanced, key word search Full text, Peer reviewed articles, Boolean search and or, Limit to 2009-2010, Truncation Child*, preschool* 399 Transition to school Writing skills Early learning Early childhood 3 A+ Education Informit Advanced, key word search Full text, Peer reviewed articles, Boolean search and or, Limit to 2005-2010, Truncation early childhood education* 30 School readiness Writing skills Early childhood education Preschool education 4 Expanded Academic Asap database Infotrac provider Advanced, key word search Boolean search and or Limited to Full text, peer reviewed articles All dates Truncation children* 2 literacy learning transition to school Preschool children literacy learning Comments: Need more practice on using the truncations effectively. Question Learning outcome Source 1 Understands the scientific approach to knowledge generation in terms of the basic assumptions of science, scientific method, building and testing theories and the central role that evidence plays in the process [K1.1]. Chapter 1 pp 16-23 2 Can describe the key characteristics of experimental research [K3.1]. Chapter 2, pp 41- 3 Understands the characteristics of the various types of non-experimental quantitative approaches to educational research and why it is difficult use the results of such designs to make definitive statements about cause and affect [K3.2]. Chapter 2, pp 43- 4 Understands the characteristics of the five main types of qualitative research and how they can be used to address educational problems [K3.4]. Chapter 2, pp 48- 5 Understands the types of mixed research approaches, their strengths and the contexts in which they are appropriate [K3.5]. Chapter 2 pp 51-52 Chapter 16 pp 446-448 6 Understands how research ideas are developed [K1.2]. Chapter 3 pp63-64, pp74-80 7 Understands that certain types of ideas are not directly researchable although such ideas may be able to be researched indirectly [K1.3]. Chapter 3, p 64 8 Understands how researchers define research problems, describe the purpose of their study, and develop research appropriate questions and how this process is different depending on whether the research is qualitative or quantitative in nature [K1.4]. Chapter 3 pp 74-80 9 Is aware of the ethical principles that shape and guide the research process (eg informed consent, deception, freedom to withdraw, protection from mental or physical harm, confidentiality and anonymity) and can identify which principles apply in a variety of research scenarios [K7.1] Chapter 5 10 Knows how research evidence contributes to knowledge about education policy and practice [K1.5]. Can identify critical issues which warrant further investigation [A2.1]. 11 Knows how to access existing stores of knowledge [K2.1]. Can explore the literature relating to particular aspects of professional practice [A1.1].

Discuss the Relationship Between Dada and Punk

Discuss the Relationship Between Dada and Punk. Within this essay I will be exploring the close relationship between Dada and Punk. Dada and Punk are both movements which were used to express a social change within their time, through art, fashion and music. Although the Dada movement was at its peak in 1916 to 1922 and the Punk movement started in the mid 1970s, both show the same ideologies and techniques towards they work.Throughout the essay I will break down each of the movements into certain groups and analyzes the similarities between both of them. To understand the developments of both movements, you need to understand the environment in which they were formed. Dada started in 1916, two years after World War 1 started. World War 1 was a complicated war, involving many countries taking sides due to the conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, the conflict was brought to a head in the battle of the Somme, France, 1916.This was when many artists, writers and others took refu ge in Zurich, Switzerland, which was neutral during the war, many were angry at what was happening to the world, within the book Dadaism, Huelsenbeck (2004, pg 8) stated ‘None of us had any understanding for the courage that is needed to allow oneself to be shot dead for the idea of the nation†¦ ’, they were disgusted by the war and the idea that the nation’s public would support such violence, and they were frustrated with having no control over what was happening, a similar feeling the punks had in the 1970s.Dadaism was about rebelling against the war, they wanted to take the control back and the only way they could was through art, Huelsenbeck (2004 pg 17) quoted ‘DADA means nothing. We want to change the world with nothing’, it is easy to see Dadaist felt the modern world they were now living in was meaningless and so wanted to reject all traditions, especially art tradition, so they decided to create non-art which had no meaning to go with the meaningless world, they took some control back. The Punks had a similar attitude, they wanted to take back control of their future.The Punk movement started in the mid 1970s, a reaction against the recession. A recession which affected most of the working class, due to strikes, three day weeks and lack of opportunity, very different if you compare it to the days of the 1960s, where youth culture exploded on to the scene, free love and England was swinging. Due to the recession the youth of the working class felt failed and disillusioned, a feeling shown in the Sex Pistol’s song ‘God Save The Queen’(1977) ‘Don’t be told what you want, Don’t be told what you need, There’s no future, no future, No Future for you’.The punks felt like they had no voice, no power and no future so they wanted to make a statement, and like Dada, they wanted to take back control and the only way they could do this was through art, music and fashion. I mage 1, ‘Dada’ It seems both movements were angry over the situation they were living in, and people will only live under that strain until an outburst happens, and when society does snap, people will want change. For the two movements they protested, Dada protested against the War and the bourgeois nationalist who they felt was the root of the war, while punks protested against the establishment.The Dadaist, George Grosz once stated that his work was a protest ‘against the world of mutual destruction’, a quote which fits well with the Dadaist but also the Punks, they used destruction of tradition as the protest against the destructive world. It is clear to see that the Punk movement looked up to Dada, just looking at Jamie Reid’s work and you can Dada’s influence by their use of type and the DIY look, same ideologies, there was even a fanzine issue called Dada which compared Punk to Dada, shown in ‘Image 1’ on the right.The Punks were well known for having left winged views, but really like most movements had many different political views. The main ideas of the movement was individual freedom and anti-establishment, Dada also had the same ideas to this affect, they believed in freedom, that’s why they started in Switzerland, a neutral country, they wanted to create art in their own way without using any of the ‘tradition’ rules. Other Punks ideas were anti-authoritarianism, DIY ethics, direct action, non-conformity and not selling out.All relevant to Dada, but I feel the idea of non conformity Image 2,’The Punk Look’ describes the movements best, the ‘Image 2’ best shows how the Punk didn’t conform, they use shock fashion to state who they were and what they stood for, fashion like this in the 1970s scared people, no one had seen fashion like it, the safety pins, ripped edges and bondage like clothes was a very violent looking dress sense, but Punk wasn ’t the only movement which use shock tactics, Dada used shock art, well what would have been shock art in the 1900s, About. om (2012) stated, ‘The Dadaists thrust mild obscenities, scatological Image 3, ‘Fountain’ humour, visual puns and everyday objects (renamed as â€Å"art†) into the public eye. ’, the public still used to ‘traditional’ art found Dadaism disgusting, a example of this is Marcel Duchamp ‘Foundation’, Image 3 on the right, by today standards very normal by the art world but in the 1900s, ready-made art wasn’t hear of, wouldn’t been classed as art, and so Duchamp shocked people by suggesting this is art, begging the question ‘what is art? , something which hadn’t been questioned in such style. Image 4, ‘God Save The Queen’ Within both movements shock art was used to state they ideologies, the best two examples I feel show how the movements are similar are, Jamie Reid’s ‘God Save the Queen’, Image 4, one of my personal favourites, also one of the most iconic images of the punk movement, used for the Sex Pistol’s cover ‘God save the Queen’, and Marcel Duchamp’s L. H. O. O. Q , can been seen under image5.These two image show what the movements are about, Marcel Duchamp took one of the most iconic painting and defaced it, not as a joke or because he disliked the painting but he what to state what the Dadaist believed, that traditional art had been exhausted and it was time for a change. Although Duchamp wasn’t anti-art but he wanted, and I quote Elger (2004, pg 82) ‘to pose new, previously unasked questions about art†¦. While the border regions of art had not been explored. , Duchamp used the’ Mona Lisa’ as a symbol of traditional art and wanted to deface it to show the art world that he has no respects for traditions, not even for ‘ Leonardo’s untouchab le masterpiece. ’, Elger (2004, pg 82). Image 5, ‘Mona Lisa’ The same idea was used in Jamie Reid’s ’God Save the Queen’, (Image 4), Reid took a image of the queen, which acted as a symbol of the establishment and authority, just like the ‘Mona Lisa’ was a symbol for Dada, and Reid deface her by blanking out the eyes and mouth, like a common criminal to make out she, the authority, committing a crime.Just like Dada was anti-art, Punk was anti-design, looking at image 4 you can see the DIY attitude and look allowing amateur designers to create own poster and fanzines, allowing everyone to be free to create what they want, about they own opinions, this is another link to Dada, slightly with the ’Mona Lisa’ with Duchamp taking a ready-made image and pencilling on top, but mostly with other Dadaist work with college.The ransom style lettering gives a threat on the queen, and so the design is acting like a threat to auth ority again showing the Punk anti-establishment ideas and how they want to take down the system, just like the Dadaist wanted to take down the idea of the traditional art system. Within the design Reid uses a union jack for the background, which adds colour to the design but also the single was released the weekend of the Queen’s silver jubilee and so the union jack marks a personal attack at Britain and our tradition, as the Punks saw the queen as the enemy.Dada wasn’t the only one who used the ‘Mona Lisa’, the Punks used her for a gallery opening, again the image was defaced, with smashed glass and spray paint, like a riot had happened. I believed they used this image not because it was a gallery opening but she was a sign of the wealth and tradition of the art world and the rest of the world to show everyone the Punk movement is here and you can’t ignore it, just like Duchamp’s ‘Mona Lisa’. Image 6, ‘Rrose Selavy’ Image 7, ‘Soo Catwoman’ Dada and Punk were not only ahead in their art work and ideas, but socially and with the role of women too.When Dada was at its peak the role of women was changing, women were working, the suffrage movement, the idea of birth control and the decline in the male population, Dada was the perfect time for women to make a stand, seeing as it was a time for change. Even Duchamp appreciated the role of women and their creative role, even to the point where Duchamp dressed as a woman, ‘Rrose Selavy’, as seen on the left. ‘Rrose Selavy’ was used to shock but also show there is no clear boundary between men and women, and when you look to the Punks and the way they dressed, men and women’s style was very similar.Image 7 is a photo of Soo Catwoman, she is very iconic to the Punk movement, she was the ultimate Punk. The Punk movement stated by Hickman (2011),’The women of punk conceived new ways to interact with thei r bodies, gender and punk culture as a whole. ’ the role of women in the movement was very equal for the 1970s, it was a great way to show to the world that women had a right and a voice, so shock fashion like Soo Catwoman really stated what the punk women stood for, and the fact they aren’t these delicate creatures who should be seen and not heard.Image 8, ‘Orgasm Addict’ It was during the Punk movement where female graphic designers were becoming influential. Linder Sterling is a well known punk artist, designing for the ‘Buzzcocks’, one of the designs is image 8, like Reid, Sterling uses college techniques and the DIY look to create the cover, sterling (1977) quoted, ‘It was made in a  Salford  bedroom, I had a sheet of glass, a scalpel and piles of women's mags. ’ This technique would have been used with most of the punk designer because it adds a raw edge to the design.This DIY techniques was also used with Dada, as seen in image 9, ‘The Art Critic’ by Raoul Hausmann, you can see the similarities between the two image, both use college and in image 9, the eyes and mouth have been removed again defacing the person. The idea of college was yet enough rebellion against the art world because it was a new idea and not done before, the technique was developed due to the war because art supplies were low so they used whatever was around them and this meant college.Image 9, ‘The Art Critic’ From image 8 you can the techniques used by many punk artists, within they work they usually focus on one figure in which they deface, like in image 8, although the iron may represent the idea of a woman’s role, as the iron is a symbol of the home and house work, which is a role that has been assigned to women, while the mouths on the nipples suggest a idea of sexuality and this is the only part of the woman which makes people, mainly men, happy.With image 10 Hausmann has removed the eyes and mouth because of this it has removed the humanity of the person like Sterling’s cover. Also with most Punk and Dada work primary colours would be used to make the isolated image stand out and give it more of a contrast and give it more of a harsh, violent look. In summary it is clear to see the relationship between Dada and Punk. The movements had similar backgrounds, similar ideologies and similar techniques when creating their work.The ways they protested against their situation, Dada with anti-art and the Punks with anti-design, shows the two movements linked and for Punks it seems they looked up to Dada, just looking at the similarities between Reid’s college techniques compared to a Dadaism piece like Raoul Hausmann’s ‘The Art Critic’, you can see the influence. Personally I feel the two go hand in hand, both movements hold an important place in art history, and with me, I have always loved the Punk movement and learning about Dada has hel ped me understand the history of art and I feel without Dada we wouldn’t have Punk.

Power of the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tan’s...

Power of the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the author, Amy Tan, intricately weaves together the roles and experiences of Chinese mothers with their American born daughters. During a time of war, the mothers flee from China to America, leaving behind a past filled with secrets that unravel as their daughters mature. While sharing their difficulties, these mothers must be able to teach Chinese beliefs and customs to their daughters in a way that relates to American society. However, this is difficult because the daughters seek to identify themselves with their own American culture. A lack of understanding and knowledge amongst these societies exists between the mothers and†¦show more content†¦I [am] pure. I [have] genuine thoughts inside that no one [can] see, that no one [can] ever take away from me. I [am] like the wind, (Tan 53). This makes her invisible, strong, and assertive. As demonstrated throughout the novel, the strongest wind cannot be seen, (Tan 89). She had escaped without leaving a trace behind her. As the daughters grow, they portray certain characteristics similar to their mothers. Once Waverly learns how to play chess and competes against former champions, she uses her wind, which she inherited from her mother, to win all the games. She states: †¦I would clasp my hands under my chin†¦ in the delicate manner my mother had shown me for posing for the press. I would†¦twirl my chosen piece in midair as if undecided, and then firmly plant it in its new threatening place, with a triumphant smile [on my face], (Tan 100). Here Waverly uses her strong and invisible wind to outsmart her opponents. Although she does not realize it now, Waverly has inherited her mother’s characteristic of being an invisible, yet influential woman. Because the daughters do not understand what qualities they have inherited, they have become distant from their mothers. Trying to teach their daughters to strive for excellence only pushes them away. Suyuan Woo, another mother in the novel, and Lindo unceasingly compete amongst each other to determine whose daughter exhibits the most talent. In a conversation between these mothers, Lindo boasts:Show MoreRelatedAmy Tan: A Brief Biography757 Words   |  3 PagesAmy Tan is an American Chinese writer most notably known for her critically acclaimed novel The Joy Luck Club, amongst many others. Amy Ruth Tan was born on February 19, 1952, in Oakland California to John and Daisy Tan. Both of Amy’s parents were Chinese immigrants who fled from China to escape hardships. Amy’s mother, Daisy, divorced her abusive husband and left behind three daughters before immigrating to the United States and marrying Amy’s father, John. The marriage produced three children,Read MoreT he Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1192 Words   |  5 Pageswomen has drastically changed throughout the ages. (CIS) The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan portrays life in America and in China in the 1930’s for women. (GS1) When stories are true, there is more power behind them. (GS2) Novels need accuracy for the book to have feeling. (GS3) A rave-worthy novel needs truth to really draw the reader in. (thesis) Author Amy Tan accurately portrays life for Chinese women in the 1930’s and it enhances the power of the novel because the stories have true roots, the accuracyRead More Improving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club1216 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club One day everything is going great, in fact things could not be better and then you say something and your friend turns to you and says â€Å"oh my god, you sounded just like your mother†.   That is when you freak out and think to yourself it is true I am turning into my mother.   This is every daughters worst nightmare come true.   When a young girl is growing up her mother always says and does things that the girl vows she will neverRead MoreTheme Of Sexism In The Joy Luck Club779 Words   |  4 Pages In her 1989 novel, The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan hones into the narratives of four Chinese American immigrant families living in San Francisco. The novel is structured into four distinct, anecdotal sections: two dedicated to mothers and two dedicated to daughters. Tan’s approach to structure allows the interlocking stories between mother and daughter to place emphasis on the issue of sexism. The purpose of Tan’s novel is to highlight that, even though American and Chinese societies drastically differRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1369 Words   |  6 PagesA Perspective of the American Dream The Joy Luck Club Was written by 1989 by Amy Tan, a first generation American born in 1952 to immigrant parents. Tan was raised by her mother, who had left kids back in China, and a father, who was a Baptist minister. She grew up in California and attended high school in Switzerland. At the age of 15 her brother and father died of a brain tumor. Tan perceives the American dream in the way that an Asian immigrant would, which would be to pass down what we know soRead MoreThe Struggles Faced in the Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More The Power of Love in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Love in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   In Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club, Four pairs of mothers and daughters embark on the journey that is life.   Each young woman comes to realize how valuable the relationships with their mothers are.   As each daughter learns from her mother, she goes through the sometimes-painful process of trying to understand her enigmatic mother.   To finally unravel the mystery surrounding their mothers is to understand who they, themselves, really are.  Read More The Struggles Faced In The Color Purple And The Joy Luck Club1809 Words   |  8 Pages The Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club1457 Words   |  6 PagesRelationships Between Mothers and Daughters in Tans The Joy Luck Club â€Å"Now the woman was old.   And she had a daughter who grew up speaking only English and swallowing more Coca-Cola than sorrow.   For a long time now the woman had wanted to give her daughter the single swan feather and tell her, â€Å"This feather may look worthless, but it comes from afar and carries with it all my good intentions.†Ã‚   And she waited, year after year, for the day she could tell her daughter this in perfect AmericanRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club Socratic Seminar Questions1104 Words   |  5 PagesJia-yi (Jenny) Cen AP Literature and Composition 23 July 2015 The Joy Luck Club Socratic Seminar Questions The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, exposes the paradoxical relationships between Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-raised daughters. Although both sides experience their own strife in life, the mothers are probably most notable for their struggle in assimilating to society. Given that they are the first generations to have contact with the unfamiliar culture, they must set foot onto the

Framework For Modelling Cyber Insurance Market Essay

Figure 2.3 : Framework for modelling cyber-insurance market Through this framework, it can be observed that this framework is more technical that the aforementioned framework. This framework shows how risk are being transferred from the environment to the agents and finally, to the insurer. This model encompasses two natural components, that correspond to the demand from the agents and supply from the insurers. The network environment is controlled by nodes and utility and risk are exchanged with demand. After demand has been fulfilled, the risk is transferred into the insurer. There are also two external components that had been indentified, information structure and the organisational environment. On the other hand, Mukhopadhyay et al (2005) had come up with a utility model in determining the insurability of cyber risks. This model uses insurance as a supplementary tool to help reduce the financial loss due to e-risks. This model works to find the out the price of a company’s premium based on the risk profiles of the clients as well providing the types of e-risk products can be used by a particular company. This model focuses on calculation of risks in response to the premium price offered based on actuarial sciences. The utility model is based on the assumption of the user, having an initial capital of W, and access the internet through an ISP, making him vulnerable to risks of cyber attacks such as hacking and malware, hence, the risk of financial loss (X)Show MoreRelatedThe Plan Of An Insurance Policy1496 Words   |  6 Pagesmentioned earlier, taking insurance policy is a way to help maintain the risk of cyber attacks at an acceptable level. The plan in figu re 2.2 shows an insurance decision plan of action. This plan of action is crucial in illustrating how insurance can help in maintaining the risk. The first step taken in the plan of action is conducting a thorough audit of the current information on security risks, which can be conducted during the assessment of risk process in the framework, after, the company willRead MoreSector Briefing : Dtl Power Corporation7811 Words   |  32 Pagesused. With that they must be able to quickly adapt to increased needs. Having an interconnected grid can assist is those spikes in need by allowing one grid to pull from another grid and help to minimize interruptions. It is important to prevent cyber attacks that have the potential to cause a power outage. A large enough outage could place a strain on the entire system and cause a larger outage should the system not be able to handle the demand. 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ANZ is building the best connected, most respected bank across the Asia Pacific region. The strategy has three key elements – strong domestic markets, profitable Asian growthRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesacademics, there are fewer incentives to bridge the academic and practical spheres. No doubt this is also exaggerated by an increasingly less curious professional world. The intellectually curious Technical Partners of the past have been replaced by more market orientated purveyors of accounting solutions. Accountancy consultancies are much more interested in simple marketable solutions than more sophisticated insights into the complexity of the issues at stake. Although there is more and more talk of theRead MoreCelebrity Endorsements19810 Words   |  80 Pagespretty simple, but the design of such campaigns and the subsequent success in achieving the desired result calls for an in-depth understanding of the product, the brand objective, choice of a celebrity, associating the celebrity with the brand, and a framework for measuring the effectiveness. Companies invest large sums of money to alig n their brands and themselves with endorsers. Such endorsers are seen as dynamic with both attractive and likeable qualities and companies plan that these qualities areRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 Pagesmakes this research interesting is that it enables us to understand the celebrity endorsement process from an Indian consumers point of view. Not much work has 7 been seen in the Indian light despite the fact of it being perceived as a potential market for celebrity endorsed products. Indian consumer attitudes are changing at a rapid pace and they are becoming more aware of the products that they use to define their ‘self’. The research is carried out to obtain a view amongst Indian ConsumersRead MoreMis Summary25465 Words   |  102 Pagessuccessful implementation because of the managerial challenges inherent in its implementation process. 3 Summary - Management Information System – Josef Stenten Task 2 – The Impact of IT on Organizations and Markets The Impact of Information Systems on Organizations and Markets By Gurbaxani Whang Aim of study: Analyzing the impact of IT on two attributes of firms: Firm size and the allocation of decision-making authority (centralization vs. decentralization), considering agency theory and