Biology 12 Notes Free Essays

The Excretory System †¢Main elements of the excretory framework are: oto concentrate squanders and oust them from the body oto control liquids and water inside the body †¢Most metabolic squanders and poisons are broken up in the body’s inward condition, so the upkeep of the body liquids is basic for keeping the body liberated from squander items empowering it to work appropriately. Discharge in Invertebrates and Non-mammaliam Vertebrates Single celled living beings and basic multicellular life forms produce indistinguishable metabolic squanders and poisonous mixes from increasingly complex creature †¢However squanders are discharged legitimately from their cells since they have consistent contact with the outer condition. †¢The more noteworthy test for basic life forms is keeping up a liquid offset with their outer condition †¢An model is paramecium: If they can't keep up a liquid parity they would ceaselessly ingest water from nature and in the long r un burst oTo oust overabundance water, these protozoans have contractile vacuoles, which siphon out water to keep up osmotic equalization †¢More complex life forms face various difficulties †¢Some spineless creatures, for example, night crawlers have excretory organs called matanephridia that remove squanders from the body. We will compose a custom paper test on Science 12 Notes or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now oA liquid that fills in as both interstitial liquid and bood known as hemolymph streams into a couple of metanphridia. oIons and squanders are reabsorbed from the hemolymph and emitted with water into a saclike organ called the bladder. General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class) iframe class=wp-inserted content sandbox=allow-contents security=restricted style=position: supreme; cut: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); src=https://phdessay.com/general-science ii-study-direct online-class/implant/#?secret=tRpqEUCt0n information secret=tRpqEUCt0n width=500 height=282 title=#8220;General Biology Ii Study Guide (Online Class)#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com frameborder=0 marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 scrolling=no/iframe From that point, the abundance water and waste items are discharged to the outside condition through a jab in the side of the worm’s body. †¢Insects like grasshoppers discharge squanders utilizes a lot of organs called malpighian tubules. oThe shut finish of the organs are encircled with hemolymph while open closures void into digestion tracts. oSubstances, for example, uric corrosive, and potassium and sodium particles are emitted into the tubules. oWhen grouping of the substances builds, water films osmotically from the hemolymph into the tubule to orm a weaken squander arrangement and afterward it goes to the digestive tract of the creepy crawly where the phones reabsorb a large portion of the K+ and Na+ over into hemolymph oWater moves to and fro utilizing assimilation. oUric corrosive is abandoned and frames precious stones and is then ousted †¢Terrestrial reptiles and most flying creatures ration water by discharging nitrogenous squanders as a nearly water free glue of uric corrosive gems. oIt’s discharged into the cloaca (end of the stomach related framework) and expelled from the body alongside the stomach related squanders oThe white substance in feathered creature droppings is uric corrosive while the darker substance is dung. Those that live in or around salt water take in enormous amounts of salt and once in a while drink new water in this way they discharge overabundance salt through specific salt organs in the head. oSalt organs expel salts from the blood utilizing dynamic vehicle. oSalt is emitted to the earth as a water arrangement oThe grouping of this is a few times more than that in the body liquids. oSecretion exits through the nostril of feathered creatures and reptiles and as salty tears from ocean turtles and crocodilians. The Human Excretory System All vertebrates utilized particular tubules called nephrons to direct water balance in the body and lead discharge. †¢They are situated in the kidneys which are th e significant organs of excretory. †¢The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra together make up the human excretory framework. Kidneys †¢Play a basic job in oRemoving squanders oBalancing blood pH oMaintaining the body’s water balance †¢Mammals have two kidneys on each side of the vertebrate section †¢Human kidneys: o150g oreceives 25% of heart yield (1. 25 L/min. ) †¢Blood is provided through renal conduit. â€Å"Renal† alludes to the kidneys †¢Kidney channels the losses from the blood and clean blood leaves the kidney through the renal veins. †¢Outer layer of the kidney is known as the renal cortex †¢Inner layer is known as the renal medulla †¢A empty hole called the renal pelvis, interfaces the kidney to the ureter through which the pee goes to the urinary bladder. †¢Once the bladder is full, (300 to 400 mL of pee) the pee exits through the urethra Nephrons †¢Each kidney contains around 1 000 nephrons †¢They are the utilitarian unit of a kidney Nephrons are separated into areas to play out a serioes of steps †¢One end is the bowman’s container which is a little collapsed structure that encompasses a gathering of blood vessels, the glomerulus in the cortex †¢The glomerulus plays out the initial step of filtration of blood to frame pee †¢Blood is provided to the glomerulus by the afferent arteriole and afterward in the wake of being sifted it exits by means of efferent arteriole and afterward called into net vessels called the peritubular vessels. †¢They convey the pee and take into consideration reabsorption of basic particles and minerals over into circulation system. Initial Steps of Filtration Components of unfiltered blood go from glomerulus into the bowman’s case and enter a proximal tangled tubule which lies in the cortex †¢The tubule slides into the medulla and structures a u molded structure called circle of Henle before rising again to shape a distal tangled tubule †¢The distal tubule depletes the pee into gathering channels that lead to renal pelvis and afterward it is exhausted through the ureter to the bladder The Formation of Urine †¢Different areas of the nephron have specific capacities in the arrangement of pee and preservation of water †¢Urine is hypoosmotic in ammals implying that water will in general move from pee into the body liquids this is an adjustment that rations water †¢Three highlights of nephrons: 1. Moderate supplements and water 2. Parity salts 3. Concentrate squanders for discharge †¢Urine arrangement is the consequence of three interrelated procedures: oFiltration: happens when the body liquids move from the blood into the bowman’s case oReabsorption: moves fundamental solutes and water from the nephrons over into the blood oSecretion: moves basic solutes and water from the nephron once again into the blood Filtration Urine development starts in the bowma n’s case †¢The cells of the bowmans case and the vessels that encompass it have a specifically penetrable film that are sufficiently wide to concede water, particles, little supplement atoms ( glucose and amino acids), and nitrogenous waste atoms. †¢The high weight of blood in the glomerule drives the fuid that contrains these atoms and particles into the case. Platelets, platelets and plasma proteins are too enormous along these lines they are held in vessels †¢Fluid enters the bowman’s case contains just little particles †¢This is known as filtration Reabsorption †¢The sifted liquid contains urea, water, particles, and different atoms that are in indistinguishable fixations from they are in the blood plasma. †¢The liquid enters the proximal tangled tubule where reabsorption happens †¢Water, particles, and supplements are moved back by means of aloof and dynamic vehicle †¢Speclizied particle siphons transport postassium sodium and chlorine from the filtrate into the liquid encompassing the tubule. †¢Active vehicle proteins in the dividers of tubule reabsorb amino acids glucose and different supplements †¢Urea and other undesirable mixes are not ingested Microvilli in the inward dividers expands surface region that is accessible for reabsorption of solutes †¢All of the Reabsorption forms make the filtrate hypoosmotic to the interstitial liquid, this makes water stream out of the tubule and into interstitial liquid as a natural side effect †¢The development of water is encouraged by film prote ins called aquaporins or water channels †¢They guarantee that the most extreme measure of water is expelled from the tubule during reabsorption †¢The staying liquid has a high centralization of urea and different squanders moves into the circle of henle. More water is ingested †¢Then as it goes up the climbing the Na and Cl are out of the tubule †¢Towards the highest point of the rising portion particles are moved out by dynamic vehicle †¢Thus as the liquid courses through the circle og henle water supplements and particles are rationed and come back to body liquids and urea and different nitrogenous squanders have gotten amassed in the filtrate †¢The distal tangled tubule evacuates extra water and salts †¢Ore particles and solutes more out of the liquid than into it †¢Amount of urea and different nitrogenous squanders continue as before. Concentrated urea and squanders stream into the gathering pipes which focused the pee more †¢Collecti ng pipes decend from cortex through medulla †¢Permeable to water yet not to salt particles †¢Concentration of solutes increments with profundity as liquid decends into the medulla Secretion †¢Removal of waste items from blood and liquids †¢Wastes are discharged at a few focuses †¢Some squanders are emitted rom interstitial liquid into proximal tangled tubule †¢H+ particles are effectively emitted and the results of detoxified harms from liver are inactively emitted †¢Ammonia emitted into the tubule Secretion of H+ particles into the filtrate makes a difference

Abstruse and Obtuse

Obscure and Obtuse Obscure and Obtuse Obscure and Obtuse By Maeve Maddox A few journalists appear to be mistaking coldhearted for the word complex, as in these off base models on the web: In all honesty, the American open wasnt consistently enamored with Alfred Hitchcock. Since his motion pictures were regularly excessively astute or coldhearted, he had a larger number of fans in the film tip top than he did in the overall population. Grizz will in general make Shakespeare-esque, outcast glancing in type perceptions about the current circumstances, while Dot Com rambles exceptionally keen, yet inhumane references that send you (or possibly only me) to Google. Having at long last battled through Ulysses, and yes it was a battle, I had no tolerance at all for FINNEGANS WAKE, which is significantly progressively coldhearted. Has anybody really understood it? Every last bit of it? I criticize Brad DeLong all the ideal opportunity for rationalizing Greenspan’s thick, insensitive, obscurant discourse. In every one of these models, the setting requires a word that implies hard to comprehend. That word is deep: The error of utilizing esoteric where coldhearted is proposed is by all accounts less normal, yet it occurs: It is extremely deep to discover Avatar not getting anything from the Oscars. It was through and through another subject with a ton of advancements This film fan is by all accounts going after coldhearted, a word that implies ailing in discernment, moronic. Main concern: Barely understandable language is obscure. Idiots are inhumane. Note: Obtuse gets from Latin obtusus, blunted, dull. An insensitive edge is obtuse, rather than being sharp. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whetherâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†How Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

8 Books for Learning to Get Angry

8 Books for Learning to Get Angry Does anyone else have a hard time getting angry? It comes so easily to some people, but for me its been more of a learned skill in adulthood. And its one I still need to work on. A lot. I grew up thinking of anger as this unacceptable, out of control emotion. But I see so many motivating impulses arise from anger. So much honesty and directness. And so much danger from anger that isnt healthily processed. In our personal lives and political lives, there is so much to be angry about. If you also struggle with this so-called negative emotion, here are eight books to help you learn to get angryor learn to get angry in a healthier and more productive way. As youll see from the titles, many of these books are specifically for or about women or written from a Feminist perspective. However, I think readers of all gender identities could benefit from reading the books on this list. Mindful Anger: A Pathway to Emotional Freedom by Andrea Brandt This is the first book on anger I ever read. It helped transform the concept of anger from something wholly negative to a normal emotion I could learn from. In the book, Brandt suggests that avoiding anger doesnt actually get rid of the emotion. Instead, it can lead to health problems. Brandt gives detailed approaches to allowing yourself feel anger, focusing on being mindful of the physical sensations within your body. This lets you both let go of the emotion sooner and learn from the messages its trying to send you. If it sounds a little woo-woo, thats because it is. But that doesnt mean it wont be helpful! The Dance of Anger: A Womans Guide to Changing the Patterns of Intimate Relationships  by Harriet Lerner This is considered a classic about anger in the psychology/self help world. First published in 1985, the title  singles out women but Lerner suggests people of all genders can find help in the book.  The Dance of Anger  examines anger through the lens of close relationships. The case studies Lerner brings up are often male/female romantic partnerships, but there are also conflicts between parents and children as well. Depending on the edition, some of these examples might feel very old-fashioned or even outdated. However, the reframing of anger as an important impetus to change is valuable and this book is a cult favorite of many people whove struggled with anger in their relationships. Sister OUtsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde This collection brings together fifteen essays and speeches Lorde wrote between 1976 and 1984. They examine the intersections of different identities relating to race, gender, sexuality, and economic status. The book argues that anger is the only appropriate response to societal injustices and inequitable treatment of different groups of people. This became a foundational text for feminisms development past the second wave or White feminist stage (although there is still much work to do). Lordes unapologetic anger is inspirational in these writings. For example, she writes: I cannot hide my anger to spare you guilt, nor hurt feelings, nor answering anger; for to do so insults and trivializes all our efforts. Guilt is not a response to anger; it is a response to one’s own actions or lack of action. Quotes like this reframe anger and show how it should be embraced for change to occur. The Dance of the Dissident Daughter by Sue Monk Kidd Sue Monk Kidd is better known for her novels, like The Secret Life of Bees.  However this spiritual memoir about Kidds journey from half her life existing within the traditional Southern Baptist church to discovering what she called the divine feminine. And anger plays a big part in that journey. Anger at a comment from two men from her church about her daughter. Anger at the patriarchal system shed never questioned and a passive, submissive role shed been playing within it. This anger leads to an academic exploration into female centric religions, myths, and folklore, and offers important insight into how anger can be an important motivator for personal growth. Rage Becomes Her by Soraya Chemaly This books takes the gendering of emotions head on specifically the ways we think about women and anger. This is not a self help book or a book about managing anger, instead its a manifesto offering permission for women to become angry. It does this by listing the numerous things women have to be angry about: street harassment, sexual double standard, and pay inequality to name a few. It also looks at the physical and psychological damage suppressing anger to conform to a nice or good girl image inflicts on womens bodies. Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers her Superpower by Brittney Cooper This book follows the Audre Lorde tradition, with a collection of personal essays about straddling the identities of being Black and being a feminist. Some are playful, such as an essay using Michelle Obamas hair as metaphor for respectability politics. Others are painful to read, like how she uses the story of her mothers attempted murder to illustrate our societal problems with toxic masculinity. With a harsh critique white feminism and the treatment of anger from women of color, these essays offer an insightful look into intersection of anger and different social identities in contemporary American society. Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion by Carol Tavris Heres another pop psychology classic that has a lot thats helpful and a fair amount that feels outdated. It takes a pretty different starting point to poke holes in the belief that anger must always be expressed. The book investigates exactly what anger is and helps readers figure out when to share it. This new revised version has updated some of the language about anger and gender and includes new sections on road rage, violence in sports, and chronic anger problems. Good And Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Womens Anger by Rebecca Traister Ever since this book came out, my phone has been blowing up with texts from friends sending me quotes. And I can see why. It takes a long view at how womens anger has functioned within the American political sphere. How anger can seen as a weakness for female candidates. And how anger has fueled important social movements from the suffragettes to #metoo. Traister also examines the way women have expressed anger towards each other within the feminist movement. In both of Traisters books, she shows an uncanny ability to connect the personal experience to a larger historical story. This feels like an important thing to do through the lens of anger. Especially as we see the media attaching labels like unlikeable and abrasive to 2020s female presidential candidates.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - 1477 Words

Name: Mayra Encinas Date: 4/5/16 Per.: 0 I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Directions: Type in your answers in complete sentences. Submit this document to Turnitin.com on or before the due date. I. SHORT ANSWER COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS *Note: The narrator is referred to as Marguerite in the questions that deal with her memoirs, since that is how she refers to herself throughout the book. In instances where the author is sharing her beliefs and philosophy, she is referred to as Maya Angelou. Chapters 18-21 What is the author s theory about peoples belief in divine intervention? The author’s theory about the peoples’ belief in divine intervention is that the poorest existence is attributed to God’s will, but as their materilistic life and styke get better, God descends the scale of responsibility at a consumerate speed. What revolutionary action took place at the revival? The priest gives the people an option of church they would like to join. What was the effect of the Black fighter, Joe Louis victory over his white opponent? The Blacks felt a sense of pride to be able to have had someone prove that they can be as powerful as the Whites. Also, they were cautious about going home that night because they were afraid that some angry whites would take revenge for the victory that night. Why was the friendship with Louise so important to Marguerite? Louis was her first actual friend from her childhood. Maya learned the mindset of girls and what made themShow MoreRelatedI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1555 Words   |  7 Pages28th of May 2014, she was an Activist, acclaimed American poet, storyteller and autobiographer. However, all her accomplishments were born out of abuse, violence, neglect and pain, that she wrote about in her autobiographica l novel, I know why the caged bird sings which was published in 1969. In the book, she wrote not only about the conflicts that plagued her for much of her life but also how the role they played in her life. Particular problem areas discussed include, the difficulties she experiencedRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1445 Words   |  6 PagesPresentation I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a self-portraying record of Maya Angelou that shows how cherish for writing and having a solid character can assume a huge part in conquering bigotry and misery. Throughout the story, it is clear that Maya changes from being a setback of bigotry to end up distinctly a young lady with self-nobility and character that helps her to conquer partiality. The setting of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings concentrates on the issues connected with bigotry thatRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings948 Words   |  4 PagesAngelou is a poet and award-winning author known for her acclaimed memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and her many poetry and essay collections. So many things happen to Maya Angelou but she was amazing and a brave woman too not everyone would be same after what happen to her. Maya Angelou has become the most amazing singer, dancer, actress, poet and writer she is even an author of autobiography â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Singsâ₠¬  a book that tells the things that setback and helped Maya to be who sheRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1126 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou was a gifted woman with one of the greatest voices of African American literature. Previously known as Marguerite Johnson, she was one of the most important women of our time. She was best known for her autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Not only was Maya Angelou able to overcome all the racial discriminations and interferences that she endured growing up, she was also able to prove to many people what a successful African American author and activist she was. She was a womanRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2695 Words   |  11 Pages I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings According to Willard Scott, â€Å"Positive Feelings come from being honest about yourself and accepting your personality, and physical characteristics, warts and all; and, from belonging to a family that accepts you without question.† Maya Angelou illustrates this in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, an autobiography on herself. It illustrates Maya Angelou’s struggles of accepting herself because of some cruel experiences in her life. Maya was an African American girlRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesministry. She wrought a best-selling auto biography â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings†. Trough-out her legacy she continuously created poems promoting civil rights from her personal and social views. â€Å"still I rise â€Å"is one of her earlier working but is still consider one of the greatest poems on discussing the social views at the time of tis publishing and still hold value to todays current events. This text wil l be Analysing the poem â€Å"still I rise† But first discussing the experiences that Maya AngelouRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings2495 Words   |  10 PagesIn the memoir, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya Angelou presents the theme: coming of age. This theme is shown throughout the book many times, especially when something big happens to her, changing the way that she reacts to things and the way that she sees things. Another way that this theme is shown throughout the book is the way that she words things in the beginning, vs the way that she words things in the end. The change in her writing style and her language shows this. Not only was sheRead MoreEssay on I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1319 Words   |  6 Pagesstreet cars 5) Key Statements About the Character amp;nbsp;a) â€Å"Ritie, don’t worry ‘cause you ain’t pretty. Plenty of pretty women I seen digging ditches or worse. You smart. I swear to God, I rather you have a good mind than a cute behind.† (p.56) amp;nbsp;b) â€Å"In those moments I decided that although Baily loved me he couldn’t help. †¦ I knew that because I loved him so much I could never hurt him† (p. 73) 6) Key Actions amp;nbsp;a) Father comes to Stamps and takes them to their mother amp;nbsp;b) MovesRead MoreEssay on I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1048 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute to the way she grows up and the person she becomes. Despite some of her tragic circumstances, she learns a lot growing up, mainly because of the African-American women in her life who teach her all different life lessons. In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Marguerite gets to absorb teachings from her mother (Vivian), Mrs. Bertha Flowers, and her grandmother (Momma). These women allow Marguerite to learn and grow as an African-American female, all while paving her own way. Marguerite

Center for technology in government - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7546 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The report is about the construction of new Center of Technology in Government which is a high tech facility with office space and is to be built in Liverpool, United Kingdom. The total area of the project is 20,000 m2 and is owned by Department for Business Innovation and Skills, United Kingdom. The primary aim of the report is to map the overall processes and sub-processes involved in the execution of the project using Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GDCPP) from a contractors point of view. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Center for technology in government" essay for you Create order Further the process is analyzed and evaluated to study the most appropriate exercise for the construction market. The detailed specifications are given in Appendix -2 which clearly illustrates the primary and secondary aims, the current and future situation of the project. Further towards the progress, the delivery method for the execution of the project is already mentioned which is Design and Build (Appendix 2). The first part of the report is about the method used for the execution of whole of the project CTG, i.e., Design and Build. The contractor and client have a partnering arrangement (Appendix 1). The chapter aims to illustrate what are the parties/stakeholders involved in such type of project from the contractors point of interest, what are the most probable disputes that may arise during the project life cycle and its solutions. DESIGN AND BUILD METHOD OF PROCUREMENT The design and build type of procurement method is the one in which the Construction of the project starts even before the design is completed Walker and Hampson (2003). Thus the contractor takes the risk and initializes the construction before the final drawings and design is finalized. Therefore the complete risk is transferred by the client to the contractor. There is a risk associated with the project as all the authority has been transferred to the contractor and the client may loose his control over the project, but this is not always the case. The sensitivity of the CTG Project forces the clients involvement trough out the project (Appendix 1). In Design and Build, according to Morledge et al., (2006), the client has many advantages to assign a single party for the design as well as the construction of the project; following can be regarded as some of the main points: * The early selection of the Design and Build contractor by the client under the contract system helps the client to ponder upon the important design issues related with the project Kerzner (2003). This helps to get the best value for money from the project by minimizing the extra costs. The most beneficial aspect of this type of procurement activity is that always the major issue during a project is time and design and build approach is most appropriate option in this regard. The overall cost goals are best achieved indicating the best value for money. * The early involvement of client and the interaction with the stakeholders and the design team makes it easier to seek out the things. The advantage of this is that the outline of the project is set upon which the tenders are called. According to Masterman (2002), the pre-tender stage, tender stage and the final implementation stages are most important for the future of the project. Thus the outline set by the client marks the start of the different processes involved in the project. From the above mentioned properties the second option is quite suitable for the CTG Project because the contractor after passing the three stages of tendering is able to practically implement its experience on the project. PROCUREMENT PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE CTG PROJECT The single stage tendering was selected as most appropriate for the CTG Project. The first step was the inception of the idea by the client in which the client enlisted the need, the objectives and the outcomes of the CTG Project. Then the team of consultants incepted the scheme and worked on it. The team consisted of Engineers, Architects and the QS. The team of consultants converted the idea into series of drawings and specifications in which there was a high involvement of the client (Appendix 1). The series of processes that took place during this period are stated below; PROCESS 1 (PRE-TENDER) * The client of the Center of Technology in Government (CTG) Project i.e. Department for Business Innovation and Skills, UK, sets up its consultant team that take the project from inception phase to the designing phase. * The design of the project is set and the cost of the project is estimated upon which the tenders are called upon by the process of Pre-Qualification. PROCESS 2 (TENDERING) * The contractor with the lowest bid i.e., G C Ltd is selected as the Design and Build Team for the CTG Project and the contract is signed. PROCESS 3 (POST TENDERING) * The third process involves the establishment of relational ship between the two teams which are the consultant of the client and the design team of the contractor. This step is very crucial and common understanding between them is very necessary. * After all the design and specifications are set, the construction phase starts. It is not necessary for the contractor to wait up till the complete design is finished, as the advantage of Design and Build is that he main design is in hand of the contractor with which the construction phase can be started. MAIN PROCESSES OF CTG PROJECT There are four main processes (according to Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol) involved in the CTG Project which is, Pre-Project Stage, Pre-Construction Stage, Construction Stage and Post-Completion Stage (Cooper et al., 2005). The G C Ltd contractor was selected in the Pre-Project Stage in which the initial design and the concept were established. The Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-Construction Stages constitute series of processes and sub-processes which contribute towards the completion of whole of the project. The Process Protocol map of whole of the processes involved through out the life cycle of the project are given in Appendix 3, whereas sub- processes of the important stages of the project are shown in Appendix 4 map. A brief overview is as follows: ANALYSIS OF MAIN PROCESSES OF CTG PROJECT The above mentioned four stages need to be elaborated in order to understand the requirements of the project. 1. PRE-PROJECT STAGE The pre-project stage is almost client oriented and is not a major point of consideration in this report. The pre-project phase starts with the inception of design till the pre-construction stage. Therefore, the processes involved in this stage can be regarded as: P1 Inception of Design: During this phase, the client has his idea for the project which it elaborates in the form of design. P2 Process of Tendering: During this phase, the pre-qualification of contractors is done by tendering and the contractor with the lowest bid is selected. P3 Signing of Contract: The selected contractor is assigned the job after the contract between the client and contractor is signed. 2. PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE The pre-construction stage consists of all the processes (Appendix 3) that are involved just before the final execution of the work done on the site. These include processes as well as the sub-processes (Appendix 4) that constitute the important part of the project. Following are the processes involved in the pre-construction stage P4 Learning phase: During this phase the interaction of teams is in full persuasion and the idea behind the project is well under stood. The possible solutions for the problems are integrated. P5 Team Organization: Team organization is the first step in the pre-construction stage. The design tea of the client and contractor are organized in order to proceed further. P6 Functional Operational Requirements (FORs): The FORs were taken into consideration during the designing phase. P7 Procurement Method Selection: The procurement method is selected upon the interest o the client and the cost of the project. P8 Initial Estimation: The initial estimation gives the brief idea of what it cost for the design of the project. This initial cost analysis is done to keep and eye on the overall budget and to check whether further alterations are possible or not. P9 Initial Plan Setup: The initial plan is setup from the above considerations keeping in view the current budget, situation and environmental factors. This plan is just a preliminary and is subject to change after alterations that may arise. P10 Initial Design: After learning the scope of the project through regular formal and informal meetings, the initial design is setup. From this design the further process are eased up. P11 Preliminary Design Proposal: The preliminary design proposal is setup and is given to the client for acceptance. The financial and the budget is kept into deep consideration during this phase of the process. P12 Feedback: The feedback from the client and contractor team is achieved which results in the review of the design. P13 Initial Review: The initial review of the report is done so that further proceedings with the project may not be hindered by any problem. P14 Final Design: After a careful review, the final design of the project is setup. This is an in-depth detailed design of the project which consists of all the design specifications. P15 Final Procurement Method: After the review considerations, the procurement method is finalized. P16 Final Estimation: The final estimation of the cost is done in the form of Bill of Quantities. The possible alterations in design or rate are done. P17 Final Plan Setup: Finally the plan is setup. Different planning and controlling techniques used to establish the plan are fixed in this process. P18 Handover of Design Documents: The finalized design documents are processed in order to be reviewed. These design documents consists of the feasibility report, the elevations, the architectural details, the BOQs, the detailed analysis and detailing of the project. P19 Final Feedback: The final feedback is taken from all the design teams in order to further proceed the matter. P20 Final Review: The in-depth final review is made so that all the maters before the construction phase are dealt. The successful completion of Pre-Construction Stage marks the start of the Construction phase and means a Green signal to the execution of the project. 3. CONSTRUCTION STAGE The construction stage consists of the processes that form the total structure of the project. Following are the processes involved in the construction phase: P21 Initial Review before execution: This process includes that initial check up of all the documents before starting the job. It is made clear that any type of upgrading is required within the documents to properly implement it on site. P22 Site Acquisition: The proposed site of the project will be acquired and the setup will be arranged to facilitate all the necessities of the project including the on site office building, accommodation for staff, machinery on site etc. P23 Provision of Infrastructure: The site is in the remote area so the infrastructure setup is established to facilitate the process of construction (Appendix 1). The roads, water, electricity and gas supplies are quickly supplied in order to cope up with the scheduled tasks. P24 Security Setup: The sensitivity issue of the project enables the project team to arrange strict security measures including guarding the whole area of the site by security guards, CCTV (Appendix 1). P25 Health and Safety at work: All the necessary steps required for the safety of staff members are taken right in the start stage so that any injury can be tackled with ease. P26 Aesthetics: Aesthetically the building is state of the art modern building with all the latest facilities and New Age design features. P27 Dispute and Quality Control: Any possible disputes that may arise are instantly handled and the quality of overall project is taken into great consideration. P28 Minimizing the Changes: It would not be a good option to make changes at the execution of the project. Such changes can be very expansive and can alter the duration and budget of the project. P29 Mode of Communication: The mode of communication amongst the client, contractor and sub-contractors is very encouraged so that all the members are well updated of the current situation of the site and the project (Fryer, 1997). Any changes are instantly recorded. P30 Labor Issues: The issues of labor are given much importance because the overall progress of the project is well based on the labor. P31 Documentation: All the design charts, meetings or any amendments in the form of documents are documented so that any issue can be accessed later on. This eases the process and a record is kept as when a task was done. The planning permission, security clearances and similar documents are also kept as a record for later accessibility. The construction phase thus includes the major constituent of the project and has the most possibility of disputes which are well handled. After the construction process is completed, the post construction phase starts. 4. POST-CONSTRUCTION STAGE The post-construction phase is the phase in which different processes takes place after the construction works are finished. This phase is the analysis of the work that has been done. P32 Building Checkup: After the completion of the project, proper building check-up is done in order to make sure that all the things are working fine and up to the mark. P33 Hand over of Building: The building is handed over to the client after complete assessment and analysis. The handover of the building is done by signing a contract which includes the specification on which the building was constructed. P34 Operations Maintenance: The operations and maintenance of the building is done for the proper working of the functions for which the building is made for. Maintenance is very necessary as it keeps the works going on smoothly. CONTRACTORS PROCESSES IN CTG PROJECT The contractor has the major contribution towards the completion of the project. The possible process and their sub-processes in the contractors context are discussed below: i. The involvement of the contractor into the CTG project begins with the initial process of tending which is P2. P2 process marks the start of the contractors interference in the project as the contractor undergoes the tending stage which is a major competition amongst other contractors in the market. A high level mapping demonstrates the P2 process as a very important and further sub-processes involved in this process are detailed in Appendix 4 of the report. ii. After the tendering process, contract is signed (P3) and the contractor assigns the tasks to the Architects, Engineers and QSs. Meetings are held in order to understand the needs of the project, client and the future perspectives of the CTG project. The overall part of understanding developed at this stage is from the design briefs already provided (Appendix 1). The contractor takes into consideration the technical as well as the financial aspects of the CTG Project by getting on with the proposals in order to get the maximum value. At this stage the contractor makes sure that necessary information is shared with the stakeholders and the sub-contractors, proper investigation of the site is done and all the important aspects are documented. Proper Risk management is done using different approaches and tools in order to cope up with any uncertainty and the hindrance it may cause during the execution of the CTG Project. Value management taking into consideration the options which ma ke the maximum value out of the CTG Project are taken into account like Leisure and Entertainment (Appendix -1). iii. Team organization (P4) is the next process after the sign of the contract (P3). Team organization is very critical issue for the contractors point of view as the process team management leads to the successful achievement of the goals. As discussed earlier that the design tem of the client and contractor are integrated and merged together so that the proper outcome of the whole situation is handled. Although a greater amount of risk is transferred to the contractor, yet the CTG projects objectives are more important to be achieved. The only option to remain abstained from risk and disputes is a proper coordination and understanding must be developed between all the stakeholders and the design teams. iv. The design team further enhances the design of the CTG project as per the clients requirements and the Initial Design (P6) is established keeping in view the FORs (P7). During this process all the pictorial view of the CTG Project establishes which indicates the overall scenario of the Project. All the sub-processes involved in these processes are detailed in Appendix 4. v. Initial Estimation (P9) is done which enables the construction of the Initial Plan Setup (P10) and hence the Preliminary Plan Documents (P11) is made. It is very much essential that the initial cost estimation is done in accordance with the budgetary requirements set by the client and the constructor has to keep in mind about the sub-contactors involved in different processes and sub-processes. Cost estimation plays a vital role in estimating the material and labor of the project and any mistake can lead to great loss in terms of pricing issues. In order to avoid this, double checking is done. vi. After consideration of all the processes it is now time to finalize the Procurement method (P15). The initial review (P13) gives different ideas and alternate routes towards solution of problems, thus easing the processes. These processes along with their sub-processes are key steps and stages that ease the overall process of construction. vii. The final design (P14) is process which evolves the detailed drawing, specifications and all the complete design of the CTG Project. The necessary meetings, feedbacks and previous experience of the contractor and client play a vital role during the execution of this process. viii. The Final Plan setup (P17) is the process which comes after all the necessary design amendments have been made. Proper planning, scheduling and project controlling techniques are applied keeping in view the clients requirements. It is just an overview of what is to be expected on the site after the construction phase. ix. The last stage of the contractors process is the start of the construction stage. The Final plan (P17) serves as the guide for what is to be implemented on the site. In this process contractor has a clear overview of whether it is doing the process with a profit or loss and what is the percentage of either of them. During the construction stage, the contractor keeps in view the quality standards set by the client. The design team of CTG Project offer high quality skills and regulated meeting with the staff and labor enables them to keep a check and balance of the quality issues. The design team ensures that material of significant standard is used as per the specifications given by the contractor and also quoted in the final plan. Because the side by side routine checkup makes the process accelerate with pace and thus enhance the overall scope of the project. Thus it enables to establish best value and a win-win situation for the contractor as well as the client. OUTCOME OF PROCESSES The approach established for the execution of the CTG Project from the inception stage till the construction stage had many advantage as well as some disadvantages. The teams were organized in such a manner that it had a strong influence over the different stakeholders through out the process because the target was to fulfill the clients objectives (Appendix 2). Moreover not only the construction processes, in fact the energy issues were also needed to be considered as it had a major contribution to meet the needs of the main purpose of the building. Some of the main issues concerned with CTG Project can be enlisted below: Time Management Burke (2003), time management is crucial for the project as it clearly explains the scope of work in depth. Time was regarded as a major issue during the life cycle of the CTG Project. Although the procurement method selected for the project was Design and Build which has a fixed time that is setup in the start of the project yet the Client which is The Department of Business Innovation and Skills, had a little uncertainty in this regard. But it was a good outcome of team effort that enabled to finish the tasks well on time. Cost Management The funding body for the CTG Project was the government body which had a fixed budget set for the successful completion of the CTG Project. The design teams had to really work hard to cope up with the market price fluctuations in order to meet the deadlines and goals. This illustrates strict quality assurance and good team management of the CTG Project. Quality Management Being a government funded project, it was made possible in all aspects that the aesthetics and overall quality remains excellent. Not only this, the building is being considered Zero Emission Building (Appendix -1). The overall quality of building not only appears attractive but also makes the employees happy and motivated towards their jobs (Appendix 1). Side by side testing of the materials used for construction had a positive impact on overall production of CTG Project. Disadvantages of processes * Although all the processes had advantages throughout the whole project yet some problems with the quality issues were seen. The quality standards stated in the tender were found different while on site. This rose disputes amongst the client and the contractors team what had a negative impact on the partnering practice. Moreover some minor obliquities regarding the design of the building were seen which later on were resolved by the interference of the client. * Overlapping of some processes with other processes had some drawbacks like some of the electricity works were left due to delay in achieving the desired tasks and the painting staff started their work. This lack of communication amongst labor caused a delay in the process. VALUE AND NON-VALUE ADDING PROCESSES Dallas (2006) explains that when it is the peak of the process, then all the activities are value adding activates. On the other hand the peak of the process gives high definition profile which conceals the defects of the outcome associated with individual tasks and its duration. As per the clients requirements (Appendix 2) the process and their sub-processes can be distinguished into following categories: i. Value adding processes (important): Egbu (2010d) illustrates that value can be simply be defined as the ratio of function and cost i.e. value = function / cost. In the CTG Project context value adding processes and sub-processes are the ones which cost minimum but generate a maximum value. ii. Non-Value adding processes (important): Some of the processes in the CTG Project appear to be non-valuable and less value is generated by undergoing a process, yet its importance is very much essential for the proper execution of the project. iii. Non-Value adding processes (un-important): The processes which are non- value generating and can be regarded as wasteful activity fall under this category (Dallas, 2006). Such processes can be like; repeating the same process several time, extra or unwanted movement or transportation, excessive waiting etc. and thus are responsible to increase the expenses of the project. The above mentioned definitions can be better understood by the production of following table in which all the processes are enlisted which fall into their respective categories; Value Adding (Important) * P2 Process of Tendering * P4 Team Organization * P9 Initial Estimation * P7 Initial Design * P10 Initial Plan Setup * P11 Preliminary Design Proposal * P14 Final Design * P17 Final Plan Setup * P22 Site Acquisition * P23 Provision of Infrastructure * P24 Security Setup * P28 Minimizing the Changes Non-Value Adding (important) * P3 Signing of Contract * P12 Feedback * P15 Final Procurement Method * P16 Final Estimation * P18 Handover of Design Documents * P19 Final Feedback * P31 Documentation Non-Value Adding (Unimportant) * P5 Learning phase * P13 Initial Review * P26 Aesthetics * P30 Labor Issues * P32 Building Checkup The above list clearly elaborates the value and non-value adding activities. Moreover the Process and Sub-Process map given in Appendix 3, 4 gives all the detailed picture of above mentioned processes. GENERIC DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PROTOCOL INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS PROTOCOL Construction industry is believed as very uncertain, different and of unique in nature when compared with other sectors and industries (Paim et al., 2008). This can be due to the reason that construction industry in totally focused on a project, while in the case of a production industry the total focus is on each part of manufacturing. Most commonly the construction industry has teams setup for a particular project and when the project finishes the team are broken up and new set of teams develop on a new project. Whereas in a manufacturing industry, the teams remain the same through the entire time span and the project goals and objectives remain same unlike construction industry. The United Kingdom government has taken necessary steps in order to improve the construction processes through the country. Considering a practical example that a man always learns from the mistakes it makes and it tries to adopt the good qualities of others. Similarly the practices in the construction industry outdate and the old practices didnt produce the required results. So Latham in 1994 presented the idea that construction industry really needs a change in order to survive in the future. To consider the change aspect, construction industry can be related with the manufacturing industry and typically a car manufacturing industry (Egbu, 2010a). In the construction sector a project can be a house or a building while in the car manufacturing sector the project is the car manufacture. Closely looking the steps involved in construction are laying of bricks, making columns, slabs, beams, walls, electricity work, wood work, roof etc and the car manufacture includes, assembly of tires, axles, engine, body, windows and other components. The end result in both cases can be physically seen and that is a project but both are of different nature. Many theories began to appear after the idea came into mind regarding the construction and manufacturing industries. Taking this approach further, Carroll (2002) implemented two different production theories on the construction industry. This he did by explaining that different processes and operations in the construction industry can be prototype which is commonly found in the manufacturing industry. This prototype can bring a lot of new ideas, change and enhancements in the construction industry. The manufacturing industry has brought up many changes in them for the last three decades and is further in the process of improvement and optimization. Thus the concept of lean manufacturing can be easily transferred into lean construction by working on the same principles as that of lean manufacturing. The construction industry, like manufacturing industry is under the process of confinement since last decade (Kagioglou et al., 2000). The straight forward methods of construction were quite common and the need to implement new known practices was very much necessary. Egan Report in 1998 and the report given by Latham in 1994 gave a boom and a boost to the construction industry. Although these reports were criticized, yet their modern construction industry is much polished after the evolution of these reports. The construction industry has learnt the ways to manage different processes, stakeholders and financial and operational processes like never before. For this to happen, much of the input from the manufacturing side can be seen to participate. CURRENTLY USED PROCESS MODELS Construction sector is a very vast sector and consists of a large variety of processes and sub-processes. The processes can be different from place to place and thus the processes change geographically. The main processes in the construction industry can be regarded as very much identical like the method of procurement and the process of tendering, for instance but the processes can vary when taking into consideration the implementation of project planning, controlling and monitoring tools on a project as indicated by Egbu (2010b). There are many Project Management techniques which are used through out the project life cycle these are, Design Build, Design Manage, Build Operate Transfer (BOT), Construction Management, and Management Contracting. Some of the most commonly used design construction process models are as follows: RIBA PLAN OF WORK The 1964s Royal Institute of Building Architects (RIBA) plan of work was broadly acknowledged in the construction industry. It was considered as the role model for step-by-step guidance during a project life cycle. The latest updated edition of RIBA plan of work is published in 2007, yet mostly the 1997 edition of plan is used. Egbu (2010b) explains that the RIBA plan of work is not suitable to be used with modern methods of procurement like management contracting, design and build, construction management etc. although it can be best suited with traditional approaches. Due to critics regarding the Stage G i.e. the Bill Of Quantities (BOQ) was withdrawn from the latest addition of 2007 because of the reason that this process indicated that only the professional like QS can take up this role which is contradicting the definition of process in a project. Therefore RIBA Plan of work cannot be used for CTG Project. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY BOARD (CIB) CODE OF PRACTICE The Construction Industry Board (CIB) model established in 1996 and had a similar goal like RIBA i.e. to develop a step-by-step guidance for the construction process (Egbu, 2010b). There are some distinctions in CIB model when compared with RIBA plan which is that this model consists of target milestone and the concept of teams in a construction process is indicated. The teams in a construction process usually consists of designers, architects ,quantity surveyors both from the client team a well as the contractors team which work together to get the best value for money out of the project. Therefore, CIB plan of work will be used for CTG Project. Most of the project process models offer the guidance from the start of the project till the finishing stage and usually lack the feedback and review process. Thus an important aspect of the project process i.e. feedback can give a lot of improvements in the project even if it doesnt then it indicated that the project was successful. CIB model also had the addition of feedback aspect which is also a plus point regarding this method. BRITISH PROPERTY FEDERATION MANUAL (BPF) Construction industry can never be regarded as an industry that has perfection all way along because always there are problems and alterations in design, materials, and specifications. Therefore taking this into consideration, British Property Federation (BPF) established the BPF manual. The main task of the exercise was to promote team work amongst the key members of the project in order to avoid unwanted activities and to reduce the overall cost of the project. The approach is very much client focused so that client can take necessary actions before and after completion of each stage. This gives the client full control thus he is able to control the cost and quality of the project by involvement throughout the project. Due to this reason it is not applicable to Design Build procurement method as in CTG Project. BRITISH AIRPORT AUTHORITY (BAA) THE PROCESS PROJECT The British Airport Authority, one of the largest airport authorities in the world, heads major projects of UK. Many projects of different size and nature are managed by BAA and to make every project a successful one, BAA has established set of guidelines in the form of process protocol. The difference between previous methods of processes is that this method consists of seven major stages and eight process stages. Although the concept of process protocol is found in BAA system yet there is a disadvantage that this method is very much limited to the work done by BAA only. The steps and stages involved in the BAA process have given new ways of thinking construction as a manufacturing industry. THE GATEWAY PROCESS The Gateway Process was developed by the Office of Government Commerce in UK. In this process the professional in the field of procurement of government project have defined gateway as a critical point in the over all life cycle of the project. The difference between this and other methods is that it consists of six gateways as stated by Egbu (2010b). IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESS PROTOCOL (GDCPP) Egan (1998) reported that the construction market is going through different phases like making uncertain policies; the demand of client is not given priority, new concepts in the field of construction are considerably decreasing and lack of research in this field may lead to unwanted results. Keeping this hazardous situation in view, government took keen notice to overcome such difficulties which may lead to downfall in countrys economy and infrastructure. New methods and techniques like RIBA, BPF and BAA were developed using past experiences of working professionals. These steps were taken on the government level and due to lack of research and development; the institutional level was lagging behind in this field. The University of Salford and Loughborough University, both having excellent Research and Development history in United Kingdom took a step into developing the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GDCPP) (www.processprotocol.com/background.htm). Basically the Process Protocol (PP) was developed in two stages. Stage 1 consisted of the major understanding and purpose of the development while Stage 2 further enhanced the workability and user friendliness of the PP. The working methodology of the PP was using the production and manufacturing theme in the construction environment by managing the task and enhancing the team work the same way as in manufacturing industry (Egbu, 2010c). The Process Protocol consists of four stages from the start till the end of the project. These four stages further consist of ten phases. The detailed analysis and description is done in the following paragraphs. Following are the four stages that constitute the overall Process Protocol software: PRE-PROJECT PHASE The pre-project stage is the one in which the idea or the plan of the CTG project is discussed. This stage is set by the client, Department of Business Innovation Skills, UK and the main project and business strategies are set along with the possible outcomes to be expected by the project are defined. As this stage (Pre-Project) is assumed to be accomplished before the start to of the Pre-Construction phase (Appendix 1), so this is not discussed in detail. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE This phase is of great importance as all the project needs are preliminary met here. The team development, design requirements, the financial approach and the estimates are set up in this phase. It constitutes following phases: 1. Phase Four Outline Conceptual Design 2. Phase Five Full Conceptual Design 3. Phase Six Coordinate Design, Procurement Full Financial Authority CONSTRUCTION PHASE The construction stage is the outcome of the previous phases as this stage constitutes the final look and the physical structure of the CTG Project. The construction phase has following phases: 4. Phase Seven Production Information 5. Phase Eight Construction POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE This is the final stage of the project and as the name suggests, is the list of activities done after the construction and execution of all the plans and proposals. It consists of only one phase i.e, 6. Operations and Maintenance The Generic Design Construction Process Protocol constitutes all the function of construction process like feasibility, design, construction etc in the form of functional zone (Cooper et al., 2005). These zones are divided according to the activities to be conducted in each zone. These are also different levels up to which an activity can be described like, up to three levels of details. And all the activities can be regarded as interlinked with each other. Moreover to further enhance the use ability of the software, each management team associated with the construction industry is enlisted and the activities are managed accordingly. MAPPING CTG PROJECT USING PROCESS PROTOCOL The activities involved in the CTG Project are again mapped using the Generic Design Construction Process Protocol. The reason is that this enables to give a critical analysis of both the methods. The process protocol enables to have a well organized and managed overview of all the different levels of the project including all the management teams and the integrated design and working team. The first map is mapped using Construction Industry Board (CIB) procurement plan of work. The map generated by Process Protocol gives a new way of visualizing the overall project (Anjard, 1998). Hence the map broadens the way of handling the CTG project. The map itself gives a detailed overview of what can be expected in the last, right in the beginning (Klotz et al., 2008). INTEGRATION OF CTG PROJECT WITH PROCESS PROTOCOL The Centre of Technology in Government (CTG) is the Design and Build project which is mapped using Process Protocol (Appendix 5). Out of the Nine Phases of the Process Protocol, first three are taken care of by the Client itself as these phases constitutes the initial Project strategy, the tender invitation and Contract signing. From the Contractors perspective the involvement of the contractor takes place after these phases i.e. in the phase four. The step wise phases can be discussed as follows: * Phase Zero Three : Clients Responsibility Phase Four (Outline Concept Design) Outline concept design can be regarded as the key towards start of innovation in a process (MacMillan et al., 2002). The start of the forth phase is only possible after the Tendering Process (P2) takes place, so tendering is the input to the phase four. From the contractors perspective, the important processes of 2nd level are: Risk management, Preparation of Outline of concept Design, Procurement plan execution (Appendix 5). All the processes are documented and submitted to the Contractors Design Team for analysis. If there is a green signal then the project will enter the 5th Phase of the process protocol. Phase Five (Full Conceptual Design) The Design team of the contractor prepares the Updated and Full Concept Design after the Initial Cost Estimate Plan (P8) is established and the procurement plan is updated. This phase ends up the hard gate. Phase Six (Production Design, Procurement Full Financial Authority) The 6th phase consists of the updated risk management plan, procurement plan, operation maintenance plan and the Final cost estimates (P16). Phase Seven (Production Information) The 7th phase is the Construction phase and starts with final project brief. The Final Design (P14), Final Procurement Plan (P15) and Final Review (P20) are important phases of this step as these will assist in the start of the next phase which is the construction phase. Phase Eight (Construction) The construction phase consists of all the processes which are useful for the development of paper work into the physical structure. Key activities are (P21) (P31) Phase Nine (Operations Maintenance) The 9th Phase is the Post-Construction Phase which consists of Final Building checkup (P32), Building and Documentation Handover (P33) and Rechecking of Facilities Operations (P34). Finally the feedback and reviews are essential part of the process. MERITS OF USING PROCESS PROTOCOL FOR CTG PROJECT The process protocol tool enables the generation of multi-level process maps that are easy to generate and understand. The basic methodology adopted by Process protocol is from the manufacturing and production industry. Thus, the step wise implementation of activities and process make construction process much easier to adopt. The method of planning and implementation of CTG project is totally based on Design Build procurement which may seem to cause problems with the team. Where as in process protocol, all the key processes sub-processes are clearly mentioned and give an in-depth knowledge of the CTG Project. This is due to the fact that each management personal is assigned a typical task which is the user-friendliness of process protocol and hence ease in information sharing takes place. Soft and Hard gates provided in the process protocol make it distinguished. The gates help to freeze and un-freeze activities accordingly which enables the utilization of the tool at its best. Moreover, the phase review in CTG Project, after each phase give a chance to properly document and get the involvement of the client in order to avoid any activity which may lead to another path. Another positive aspect of the process protocol is that it enhances the planning and controlling skills of the overall project which cannot be seen when using the CIB plan of work. Once a good grip is over these issues, the value and risk management is very easy to assess right in the beginning of the project. DE-MERITS OF USING PROCESS PROTOCOL FOR CTG PROJECT The success criteria in the CTG project is the understanding amongst all stake holders in the project and the partnership arrangements developed. Thus CTG requires extra ordinary security arrangements due to the nature of the project while there is no process of team organization (P5) in the tool. Moreover tool is difficult to use for Design Build. Due to difference in operation level and the understanding of different levels of the tools, the CTG team may find it difficult to adopt never the less; it has a lot of positive points. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The government of UK has always been in the phase of improvement. This improvement can be seen in the form of construction, manufacturing and production industries due to extensive research and development plans. The report illustrates the pros and cons of such advancement in the construction industry. The process map is first mapped using the CIB plan of work for the Centre of Technology in Government Project and is again mapped using Process Protocol Tool. It has been found that by using Process Protocol in the construction industry, significant alterations in the nature of working principles adopted by the project management can be altered due the flexible nature of process protocol indicates. What really matters is the response of people and the comfort ability level when using process protocol. Naturally some training is required to operate and understand the process protocol tool. If not possible then the real worth of this tool is to pick the right applicable phases and apply them in the normal planning tool which is already used in the construction projects. In this way, the concept behind making such a tool can be successfully utilized. REFERENCES Anjard, R. (1998). Process mapping: a valuable tool for construction management and other professionals.Facilities. 16 (3/4), 79 81. Burke, R. (2003).Project Management : Planning and Control Techniques. 4th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Carroll, J.B. (2002).Lean Performance ERP Project Management: Implementing the Virtual Supply Chain. Florida: CRC. Cooper, R. et al., (2005).Process Management in Design and Construction. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Dallas, F.M. (2006).Value Risk Management: A Guide To Best Practice. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Egan, J. (1998).Rethinking Construction: The Report of the Construction Task Force to the Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott on the Scope for Improving the Quality and Efficiency of UK Construction. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. Egbu, C. (2010a). Learning Package 2: Construction as A Manufacturing Process. In:PROCESS AND PROJECT SYSTEMS. Salford: University of Salford. Egbu, C. (2010b). Learning Package 3: Project and Process Management . In:PROCESS AND PROJECT SYSTEMS. Salford: University of Salford. Egbu, C. (2010c). Learning Package 4: The Process Protocol . In:PROCESS AND PROJECT SYSTEMS. Salford: University of Salford. Egbu, C. (2010d). Learning Package 5: The Success Criteria for Project Management. In:PROCESS AND PROJECT SYSTEMS. Salford: University of Salford. Fryser, B. (1997).The Practice of Construction Management. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Kagioglou, M. et al. (2000). Rethinking construction: the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 7 (2), 141 153. Kerzner, H. (2003).Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 8th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Klotz, L. et al,. (2008). The impact of process mapping on transparency.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 57 (8), 623 636. Latham (1994).Constructing the Team. London: H.M.S.O. MacMillan, S. et al. (2002). Mapping the design process during the conceptual phase of building projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 9 (3), 174 180. Mastermann, J.W.E (2002). An introduction to building procurement systems. 2nd ed. London: Spon Press Morledge, R., Smith, A. Kashiwagi, D.T. (2006).Building Procurement. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Paim, R., Caulliraux, M.H. Cardoso, R. (2008). Process management tasks: a conceptual and practical view. Business Process Management Journal. 14 (5), 694 723. RIBA (2007).Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Outline Plan of Work. London: RIBA. University of Salford. (1995-2001).Process Protocol. Available at: https://www.processprotocol.com/background.htm [Last accessed 06 May 2010] Walker, D. Hampson, K. (ed.) (2003).Procurement Strategies: A Relationship-based Approach. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Passage to India Free Essays

string(107) " is disgusted and threatened by the vile naked pad which slaps her and then turns out to simply be a baby\." An exploration of these possibilities hopefully shall veal which meaning, If not all of them, Forester Intended the Marimba Caves to possess. On a metaphysical level, the Caves can be seen as a representation of the subconscious. By entering the caves one penetrates the dark, cavernous realm of one’s own psyche. We will write a custom essay sample on Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several characters experience a revelation within their walls. Mrs.. Moor’s revelation is that of immense hopelessness. Her experience in the cave creates a sense of chaos and the sense that despite what is said or known in the world, It Is all essentially meaningless. The echo she hears reinforces this revelation to her. The scary resounding â€Å"boom† reduces every individual sound or voice to a continuous and indistinct noise (Forester 163). She meditates that the sound, â€Å"had managed to murmur ‘Pathos, piety, courage-they exist, but are identical, and so is filth. Everything exists, nothing has value. ‘ If one had spoken vileness in that place, or quoted lofty poetry, the comment would have been the same-‘oh-boom† (165). It is here she realizes the whole of human history has sounded Just Like this and that her existence makes no Impression upon it at all. That no matter what Is done and said It s all in the end meaningless. For her, the caves symbolize the antiquity of existence and she has been reduced to being another nonsensical blurb in the annals of time. When she emerges from the cave, Adele asks Mrs.. Moore if she saw the reflection of a match, calling it pretty. Mrs.. Moore claims to have forgotten, but ultimately the only thing she saw In the cave was a reflection of her fears. For the young Adele, the caves Invoke a different revelation. Perhaps their enormity and sense of removal from the world make her meditate on the decision she Is going to make to marry Irony. Looking upon the rock formations as if ripples in her own mind, she is reminded of her relationship with Irony and asks, â€Å"What about love? † (168). Within these walls, she realizes that she is about to marry a man she does not love and ultimately by traversing the corridors of her own mind, she reaches a sense of inner awareness. Adele has a sudden epiphany In the caves and â€Å"vexed, rather than appalled, she stood still, her eyes on the sparkling rock† (168). Perhaps this sparkling rock that Adele focuses on represents a light that has been turned on inside of her. However, unlike Mrs.. Moore who is reduced to an irritable depression, Adele has what appears be a mental breakdown. She has made a decision to escape the confines of societal pressures and not marry Irony. This knowledge provokes such a state in her that she seems to be in a trance, unaware of the hysteria surrounding her until her Inner echo stops during the trial. After renouncing all charges against Aziza; Adele confides Tanat parlor to near cave explosion, sense experienced â€Å"a sort AT sadness. . Tanat I could not detect at the time†¦ No, nothing as solid as sadness: living at half pressure expresses it best. Half pressure† (266). Inside the caves is where she recognizes that so far she was not living her life â€Å"full steam†. Perhaps this revelation at a life led devoid of true experiences and satisfaction caused her possible â€Å"hallucinationà ¢â‚¬ . Up until this point in her life, she had seen life in only one direction; now there were many. In court, she conjures up this multi-directional view; describing it as a â€Å"double relation† (253). She tries to recount the day at the caves and questions herself as to why she did not enjoy what was around her initially. Looking back she realizes that it was â€Å"all dutiful and significant, though she had been blind to it at the time† (253). For both women the entrance into the caves is like an entrance into their own mind. They derive a new sense of knowledge within the hollowed walls and emerge with an echo- a â€Å"boom† that haunts them; an echo that may be the resounding hum of their own subconscious (168). This haunting echo for Mrs.. Moore serves as a reminder of her own insignificance and mortality; while for Adele the echo chips away at her, revealing that perhaps she is uncomfortable with her new self-awareness until she can properly interpret it. However, she will need time to do this, remarking that â€Å"the vision disappeared whenever she wished to interpret it† (267). One can only speculate on Dale’s revelation and her supposed â€Å"insult†. In the end she loses interest in who could have insulted her in the cave; because ultimately she encountered someone much more important in those walls, herself. Essentially, Adele grapples with three different issues: the â€Å"concept of her own Brutishness crumbles, as the very essence of her identity alters, [and] her disenfranchisement in Anglo-India 56). Her first step of assertion is by renouncing her accusations against Aziza. By disentangling herself from the British and their need to scapegoat him she has effectively removed herself from the Anglo-Indian system and become her own woman. In a more literal fashion the caves can be seen as momentary freedom from the constraints of each individual’s society; Moslem, Hindu, and Anglo-Indian all converge here. The Marimba Cave setting is a less formal affair then the â€Å"bridge party’ and serves as a removal from the country club and mosques that separate them. However, this confluence of cultures has disastrous results for the main characters. The initial entrance into the caves is described as absolute chaos by Mrs.. Moore. Inside there is no light and no distinctions can be made between people. She describes the caves as being, â€Å"Crammed with villagers and servants†¦ She lost Adele and Aziza in the dark, didn’t know who touched her, couldn’t breathe, and some vile naked thing struck her face and settled on her like a pad† (Forester 162). Here she suffers a panic attack at what is essentially a removal of the rigid hierarchies she is accustomed to. She is disgusted and threatened by the vile naked pad which slaps her and then turns out to simply be a baby. You read "Passage to India" in category "Papers" It is because she cannot see and categorize what is around her that she â€Å"went mad, hitting and gasping like a fanatic† (162). It is too much chaos for her and the scene unleashes her instinctual, primitive reaction; far from the decorum she may have though herself to possess. Despite her kindness and â€Å"orientation†, Mrs.. Moore is as reliant on a structured system as any AT near countrymen . I Nils scans AT Matrimonial TTY amongst cultures continues when Adele and Aziza enter the next cave. The reader is never informed of what really happens within the cave due to the narrative being from Jazz’s respective. However, Dale’s supposed insult resulting from Jazz’s advances creates outrageous turmoil. It is rooted in the problem that they- a Moslem Indian and a British woman- are alone in such an environment. The insinuation here is that by lowering their guards both parties have suffered. If Adele was in fact insulted, then it was a result of being so familiar with an Indian man. However, if Aziza was innocent the problem was essentially still a result of taking the chance of having too much freedom around a British woman. This reprieve from town and cultural boundaries as shown that distrust and miscommunication are embedded within these groups. Essentially, by showing the havoc that ensues from being at the caves far away from societal restrictions, Forester is showing that perhaps there is a necessity for a separation of cultures when such misunderstanding and distrust exists. There will never entirely be hope for a healthy convergence of cultures if such elements of suspicion linger. The ideas of freedom and the subconscious that the caves inspire may only help to compound the element of mystery they possess. Monk notes that, The Marimba Caves have a corrosive, annihilating effect on those who are susceptible to their power, and they become the central mystery of â€Å"mysterious India† in Forester’s Passage thereto†. The caves are both a representation of mystery and the source of it. It is within their confines that Adele is â€Å"insulted†; yet the reader never really knows what happened if anything did happen at all. The mystic trance they seem to infuse their visitors with can be seen as reflective of the mystery of Eastern spirituality to western eyes. The east possesses a culture so different from the English; that it is resented as an enigma to them that can never be solved. McCauley remarks that, â€Å"Everything Indian is haloed in mystery; the caves, the landscape, even the bird that the English see in a tree and cannot identify, for â€Å"nothing in India is identifiable, the mere asking of a question causes it to disappear and to merge in something else† (201). The Marimba caves carry an enigmatic power. Forester comments that this power lies in their defiance of time and meaning, stating that â€Å"Nothing is inside them, they were sealed up before the creation of pestilence or treasure; if mankind grew Uris’s and excavated, nothing, nothing would be added to the sum of good or evil† (Forester 119). Marimba caves may also serve as another example of the need to determine mystery from muddle. Earlier in the novel, a conversation is posed concerning the difference between the terms. Adele generally admits to abhorring mysteries, while Fielding chimes in agreement that â€Å"We English do† (73). However, it is Mrs.. Moore who makes the distinction between liking a mystery and disliking a muddle. The conversation ends with the question as to if India is a muddle. If India is a muddle, or not; what then would the caves be? Perhaps if the definition of the caves can be determined, then one could unlock the answer to whether India is a muddle or mystery. The difference between the terms mystery and muddle are never clearly defined in the novel. However, a mystery by definition generally has an answer at the end. The implication of the word muddle is that there is no answer and randomness exists. If one examines the caves and the events within them, perhaps muddle could be the more appropriate description. Mrs.. Moore certainly described chaos, and the mystery AT Dale’s Insult Is never solved. In ten caves scans ensues Ana no solutions are offered. This would indicate muddle. If the caves are muddle and reflect the real India; is India, therefore, a muddle or a mystery? Fielding seems to think â€Å"Indian’s a muddle† (73). However, if India is a muddle than the implications of this could be boundless. For if this one country and culture is summed up as a muddle, could not the same opinion be made about most other places and people? Is mankind’s existence random, chaotic, and essentially devoid of any real answers? These questions sound undoubtedly like what Mrs.. Moore was asking herself outside of the Marimba caves. She drew a linear relationship between the nothingness of the caves and her own existence; indicating the same connection between these elements. Perhaps Forester’s caves serve the purpose of showing that everything is essentially muddled. This muddle or mystery, subconscious, and freedom are all to be found with the Forester’s Marimba Caves. Each character upon entering them emerges with their own definition of their meaning. Mrs.. Moore and Adele both approached the caves as if taking a walk within the confines of their own psyches, each discovering their worries and their fears. Aziza found himself victim to the caves and the mystery that happened within them. In addition, all of these characters experienced the ramifications and revelations that arise when one is free from societal observation. The question was posed of whether the caves represented freedom, the subconscious, or the mystery of India. After careful exploration, it is obvious that the caves represent all of these different elements. Perhaps the Marimba caves even represent what is seemingly impossible- both meaning and muddle. Their contradictory coexistence might be the real mystery of India, and of existence. , Works Cited Forester, E. M. A Passage to India. How to cite Passage to India, Papers Passage to India Free Essays The Indian vs. the European Religion and Way of Thinking Religion is probably the most definitive factor in the way Indians lead their lives, particularly if they practice Hinduism and this is why the clash between Hinduism and Christanity in A Passage to India parallels the conflict between the Indians and the British. Hinduism is best represented in the novel by professor Godbole, and Christianity is epitomized in Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moore who comes to India with the kindness and understanding heart of a devout Christian but leaves morose and peevish. Perhaps she is haunted into this state by professor Godbole’s strange song. It is this song that forces Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested into emotional cocoons from which they only escape to meet horrible circumstances: Mrs. Moore is terrorized to the point of apathy and Mrs. Quested meets horror in caves. Another significant aspect is the enormous difference between the English colonial elite and the native population of India. One can see that the English treat the Indians with lack of respect and the Indians seem to expect it. Cultural misunderstanding is turned into a major theme in the novel. Differing cultural ideas and expectations regarding hospitality, social properties and the role of religion in daily life are responsible for misunderstandings between the English and the Muslim Indians, the English and the Hindu Indians, and between the Muslims and the Hindus. Aziz tells Fielding at the end of the novel: ‘It is useless discussing Hindus with me. Living with them teaches me no more. When I think I annoy them, I do not. When I think I don’t annoy them, I do’. Forster demonstrates how these repeated misunderstandings become hardened into cultural stereotypes and are often used to justify the uselessness of attempts to bridge the cultural gulfs How to cite Passage to India, Essay examples

The Meaning Of Life Essay Example For Students

The Meaning Of Life Essay Introduction to Philosophy Paper #1 The Meaning Of Life Essay The human civilization has been on earth for thousands of years now. We started off with simple tools and used caves as shelter. Now we depend on computers, enjoy a luxurious life and develop new ways to improve our lives even more. I always wonder if we finally reached the final stage of improvement in our history. I mean what else can we do? When I think about that question, the idea of the meaning of life comes to my mind and I question the reason for my existence on this planet. We will write a custom essay on The Meaning Of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now My personal theory on this subject states that we are here to impress God with our thoughts and actions, in order to prove to him that we can handle any obstacles on Earth in order to achieve faith and glory to be prepared for God in heaven. But then again my theory might not make any sense to someone who doesnt believe in God. If there were no God, then what would the meaning of life for the non-believer be? The meaning of life is a very delicate topic because no one has the answer to it, but there are many theories that attempt to explain it and help us understand life better. There are many people in the world that dont believe in anything and think that nothing really matters because we might be dead in the short future. This is an interesting idea because if the world will end soon, then it doesnt really matter what we do now. I mean if there is no point in life, then why should we even bother to struggle for a better life if those achievements will not be permanent. If we think like that then there is no point to what we do, unless we figure out what life is and what we want to do with it. In my opinion, we can explain the point of most of the things we do if not all. We are all brought up in a similar way and we learn to share our planet with other creatures. We learn to communicate, we express our feelings and we learn something new everyday in order to make our lives better. We work to earn money in order to survive and support our families. We eat, sleep, and enjoy entertainment. We also talk to our friends and try to be the best at what we do. I mean, if we didnt do any of that, then our lives would be miserable and there would be no point to it. Then we ask ourselves again, Is that really the meaning of life or is there more to it. In our lifetime we do all these things and usually we dont even think about them. I mean if we look at our lives there is really no point to it at all. We go through ups and downs all the time, we experience happiness and sadness, and we all think about death. Most of us want to be remembered when we pass away, but then we think about death and we realize that we will be forgotten and only our close family members will remember us. I mean other people wont really care about our death because there is no point to their life either, since the meaning of life is not known to any of us and probably never will be. We are close to our families and we seem to love each other, but that will all pass as soon as death arrives. We all have the opportunity to make our life have a larger meaning. Even if we dont believe that possibility then we can make ourselves belief that it is achievable because many people around us were able to do it. I mean we might be a part of a political or a social movement, which might affect our lives now and benefit the future generations. .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .postImageUrl , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:hover , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:visited , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:active { border:0!important; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:active , .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2 .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaac2235b09a2fe8b96534da2084d2ff2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Machiavellian Politics In The Prince Essay For example a scientist might be able to achieve that point in many ways. Through his work he can at least figure out a big part of the meaning of life. In todays world we have scientists working on cures for . The Meaning of Life Essay Example For Students The Meaning of Life Essay The Meaning of Life Essay The most difficult thing in life is finding something worth living for. The second most difficult thing is knowing when youve found it. .. We will write a custom essay on The Meaning of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now by Jamie Andreas Okay, lets be light hearted for once. Lets not talk about some heavy subject. Lets pick something more down to earth and fun. How about the meaning of life? Yes, the meaning of life, and the purpose of our lives. Teen-agers (that group of people who are most likely to begin to play the guitar) love to think about this. Since they are about to embark on that part of life called being an adult, they like to question whether there is anything about it that makes it worth the bother. A 17 year old student once put it to me very poignantly. He said, When I look at the world, and I see what most of the adults I know are doing with their lives, and how they feel about their jobs, it is not very inspiring. I listen to people tell me I should play the game, and work hard to get good grades, so I can get a good job and all that. It all seems to have about as much meaning as going in to the library and memorizing the entire card catalog! What for? Whats the point?; And I said to him You are exactly right. There is no point. There is no meaning to life. And I firmly believe that. I am going to make two points now. One, there is no meaning to life; you must create the meaning of life, and most especially, your life. And two, there most definitely is a purpose to life, and especially to your life, but you must discover it. These two ideas work together. Once you find your purpose, you will be able to see the meaning of your life. What does the word meaning mean? People are always asking what is the meaning of life, what is the meaning of death, what is the meaning of me losing my job, losing my hair, etc, etc. Well, you see the point is, there is no answer to the question because it is the wrong question. Only a person who doesnt know what the word meaning means will ask that question. Meaning means to recognize a significance beyond the thing itself, or in other words, to point to something beyond itself And the recognition of that significance, seeing how anything you look at points to something beyond itself, is a creative act on the part of every individual, and it is also the responsibility of every individual. When a little boy, Adam Walsh, was abducted and brutally murdered in Florida years ago, his father of course was devastated, and must have agonized over the meaning of such a horrible thing happening. He must have asked why did this happen, which is what we say when we want to know the meaning of something. To his great credit, he answered the question himself. He created the meaning; he gave this horrible event meaning by recognizing a significance to it that went beyond the thing itself. He did this by devoting his life and energy to combating crime, and eventually ended up hosting Americas Most Wanted. He took his pain and expanded it outward, helping untold numbers of people by doing so. In his creative and courageous act of giving this tragedy meaning, he also saved himself from being destroyed by the pain. This is an extreme example to make a point. If we do not perform our responsibility of creating the meaning of our lives, and all the events that make up our lives, we will pay a price, in fact the ultimate price, a meaningless life! The meaning of our lives will always involve the discovery of how our lives connect with all that is around us, especially other people. It will always involve making our lives be of benefit to other people. When I am teaching someone, I see the lesson as much more than a guitar lesson. I see that I am helping to determine what kind of life this person will have. .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .postImageUrl , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:hover , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:visited , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:active { border:0!important; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:active , .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b27e9ffeadf41f306c824206990c18b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Does TV Affect American Culture Essay I am in a position to help determine whether this person will have a happy . The meaning of life Essay Example For Students The meaning of life Essay January 19, 2005 The meaning of life Essay What is the meaning of life. The meaning of our lives, the purpose, and the dreams both dashed and realized, and the expectations forced upon us by others. In other words how do you translate what life is? Translation means to explain in simple terms. What is it supposed to be about? There are different answers for different people at different times in their lives. A persons lifetime is filled with self-examination. We will write a custom essay on The meaning of life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Why am I here? What am I doing? Is this as good as it gets? You have a beginning. Youre in the middle, and your story hasnt ended yet. If one would recognize the greatest things we have in life, they would not be asking this question. These great things are faith, hope, and love. Faith is the one that can keep one from asking questions. If God wanted us to know something, then we would know it. In most religions, Christian ones in particular, the question of meaning in life is inextricably wrapped up in a relationship with God. Living in, for, with, and through him. Therefore, how one answers the meaning of life question bears directly the existence of God. Soren Kierkegaard said to be the ;father; of existentialism maintains that there are three basic answers to the question of the meaning of life. He called these ;stages; of life, because he believed that people ;progressed; from one stage to the next. Whether or not that is true, there do seem to be at least three fundamental outlooks on life. One is a life devoted to pleasure. This value perspective can be shown by a person whose only concern is for what they are doing now. They would rather gain from pleasures in life without any regards to how they might affect their future. Another stage is those choosing ethical and moral paths. People who are honest and loyal demonstrate this in their everyday lives. Finally, there is a live religiously. This has been the popular way of life for many of us. It is going to church and practicing your faith Stace argues, the present age has begun to weaken faith in God. The concept of a supernatural person has begun to seem unlikely to many people. The Bible no longer seems as respected for many Catholics. While many people say they believe in God they are beginning question whether faith and God are the answer to the meaning of life. Most of us whether we choose to admit it or not show that material things are what we base our lives around. These ideas are at the heart of existentialism, which is a view of life that says that human beings are the creators of their own sense of meaning or purpose. The most famous existentialist, John Paul Sartre in his books and novels developed several themes that portray existentialism. The first is the notion that ;existence precedes essence.; A legacy of traditional philosophy has been that we have a fixed human nature. Sartre challenged that we have no such set purpose or meaning. Our real meaning or who we are is a result of our decisions. We are what we decide. The second associated concept is the importance of human freedom. Sartre believed that every human being has the freedom to live life as we choose to. He believed that we are often terrified by our freedom, and in fact frequently do not want to take responsibility for our own actions. This attitude Sartre called ;bad faith.; Bad faith is an act of self-deception in which we rationalize our actions as being caused by circumstances instead of being self-caused. .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .postImageUrl , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:hover , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:visited , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:active { border:0!important; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:active , .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafcb7bc6d0dbfa5ea70894ad5bebec0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Statistics Project Essay Basically blaming others for our own deceptions and mistakes. The third major concept of existentialism is the idea of the Absurd. The philosopher Albert Camus popularized this concept. The concept of the absurd is promoted by atheistic existentialist, such as Sartre and Camus. The similarity between Christian and atheistic existentialist is the significance of human freedom and the belief that we are the makers of our own lives One of the most significant pieces of the decline of religious faith is the continuing awareness that there may not be any purpose in . The Meaning of Life Essay Example For Students The Meaning of Life Essay What is The Meaning of Life Essay? Everybody has his/her own opinion on what this meaning is. Michael Jordan, Oprah Winfrey, and Michael Jackson for example all have their own views. This is the meaning of life according to Michael Jackson. Life blooms into flowers, love songs, music, and explodes into stars, nebulae, and galaxies. We exist in living, pulsating, dancing universe, and we are a privileged species because the creative force of all life is most alive in our souls. I agree with this philosophy for many reasons. I will explain them in this essay. The first part of the quote is very powerful. Life blooms into flowers, love songs, music, and explodes into stars, nebulae and galaxies . To me this means that life can be very simple and slow with not a whole lot to worry about, while at the same time somewhere else it can be very complex and fast paced with numerous things all happening at one time. The blooming flowers, love songs, and music represent the slow, simple, worry free part of life. The stars, nebulae, and galaxies represent the fast, complex part of life. Life is simple in the way of nature and things that happen in it, but complex in the way of living and making it through hard times. We exist in a living, pulsating, dancing universe, and we are a privileged species. We will write a custom essay on The Meaning of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now .. This part of the quote to me means the world around us is always changing and that we should be lucky to have even been here to begin with. pulsating, dancing universe represents the part of life that we can do nothing about. This means natural disaster and problems in our world such and pollution and the ozone layer. We are privileged because we have survived such things and have learned to live with them. because the creative force of all life is most alive in our souls. The final part of the quote to me means that we have the power to control some of the things that happen to us and around us, but most of all we have the power to control our own mind and that we have the freedom to do what we feel is right. If we believe in ourselves we can set our mind to accomplish just about anything. We have the power to do what ever make us happy. In conclusion, I believe that what ever happens in the world, we should try to see the good, the bad and anything in between. Whatever a person might think or believe should not be criticized or judged by anyone else. What happens in the world will happen no matter what we do about it. Michael Jackson said it best with this quote. .